Communications and Media

Family is integral to the growth of a person, but it is not only family that defines the outcome of e persons being.  Oftentimes, it is through experience that people gain the opportunity to become better versions of them.  These experiences are acquired only by having direct relationship with people of varying cultures.  This paper is an integration of a family members life experiences and how it relates to intercultural communication.  Cross cultural refers to the ability of people to recognize, interpret and correctly react to people, incidences or situations that are open to interpretations due to cultural differences (Kwintessential Ltd., n.d.).

My grandmothers life story may be regarded as atypical by some, maybe because of the kind of trials that she went through.  For starters, I would like to introduce her as a mother of five children, whose husband is a mal-educated one.  Both of them are from the province to which they live in the same place. Their love story is somewhat ordinary in their times, wherein the conservatives and the elders are the ones who dictate who can marry whom.  As a result, my granny was married to the man whom she does not love, although as time pass by, she has learned how to be a wife also.  Poverty is so evident during their times.  Education of their children is a question although the couple managed to send their children to free schools.  My grandmother then was a small-time sewer. She only had a second--hand sewing machine which she used to make clothes for pre-ordered ones.  The salary is fixed considering that she is just self-employed.  Her husband works in a barber shop where money is also inconsistent.  In short, it was a hard time for the couple to raise their five children all at once given that they transferred to the city.

My grandmother used to say that the time she got married is the most frustrating even of her life.  For her, the priorities then were to finish school and have a stable job before settling for her own family.  But it did not turn out so well.  She used to boast about her excellence performance when she was still in elementary and secondary school.  Another reason why she did not have a fine job is because she is a high school undergrad.  Nevertheless, her inadequate education did not make her less of a mother and a wife.

Crisis began to envelop the country and costs of goods are continually rising.  This is hard for the couple since they are also renting their place.  This may be an exaggeration but the family eats only what their money can buy for the day.  There is no hope for luxury or even television.  The only thing that they can afford is a public education, which for them is already a luxury.  At that time, things were going rough for the couple.  There were a lot of misunderstandings since they both came from a different perspective in life.  There were numerous fights about money, on each others lifestyles, and their attitude towards rearing their children.  In other words, the relationship is slowly falling apart.

As a mother, it is an instinct for her to look for ways on how to survive their everyday life in the city.  It is a tough time for her since the neighborhood is discriminatory particularly for the poor.  There are only few people who put their trust on the capabilities of those who are marginalized.  Despite this, the children continued on their education although there are instances that they have to temporarily stop attending classes, or going to school without their pocket money.  Those were the dark days, according to my grandmother.  There were times that she felt alone and that the people around her seem so indifferent.  However, she recognized the fact that she needed to be strong to be able to survive the situations and move forward for what she hope to be a better future.

Their marital relationship has come to the worst part.  However, such is not a priority during those times because the couple is just too busy making a living.  Opportunity came when a sibling of my grandmother gave a rare chance for her to become a tourist in Australia.  At that time, things are becoming better financially since my grandmother had already acquired a few loyal clients in the elite class of the society.  I remember that there were times that the house is filled with bulk orders.  She was also able to hire dressmakers to work for her at a reasonable salary then.  But the issue of going to Australia is quite difficult for her since she has no enough money to sustain the finances of processing the papers and her future stay in the foreign country.  However, due to the immediate need and the rare opportunity that came her way, she grabbed the chance provided that the money needed was loaned from her sisters.

According to her, her stay in Australia is one of the most enriching experiences she ever had in her life.  She got to visit places she never thought she could and also meet some new friends who are not native of her native country.  But her stay in that country made her struggle for more because of the economic system.  According to her, for her to survive in that place and to sustain the needs of her family back home, she has to work triple times in a day with different employers.  She was also stricken by fear since she has only a tourist visa which is valid for two months maximum.  Nevertheless, she took the chance even though that the future in unclear for her.  She solicited the help of her family members who have found their own lives in Australia with their foreign husbands.

After some time, my grandmother have come to the point of her life wherein she needed to make some major decision, and that is to leave her husband.  This is primarily because she was living with another guy whom she loved.  The circumstances are really difficult and it came to the point that her children had to part ways as consequence of her actions.  Nevertheless, she stood by her desire and continued on supporting her children.  Her lie with her new husband is rather complicated as that was also a new chapter of adjustments.  Her step children did not like her so much that she had to deal with their wants accordingly.  This circumstance is best explained through the representative theory.  Griffin (2004) explained that A socially constructed and historically transmitted pattern of symbols, meanings, apprentices, and rules (p. 404) which directly means that culture is more like a code for people, providing the mutuality for those who understand a common code.

At present, my grandmother is not anymore living with her second husband as the latter is already deceased.  Her annulment case with the first husband is still ongoing in the court.  She was able to develop competence in the cross cultural context.  Competence is the last process of cross cultural understanding and signifies the persons ability to work harmoniously across cultures (Kwintessential Ltd., n.d.).

The trials and hardships that my grandmother went through are vital factors why she has become a person that she is today.  She has grown into a tough and firm woman who does not entertain emotions over thinking.  The upbringing of her parents made her independent.  Also, her cultural encounters with various types of people gave her the understanding that every person is different, with their own unique needs and wants.

Certainly, my grandmother has experienced so many intercultural communications in the course of her personal life and career.  Until now, she is still dealing with differing personalities of people..  She mentioned that establishing relationship through communication with various kinds of people is the most fulfilling and enjoyable experience that a person can have in his entire life.  There is no other choice except to align our needs and wants parallel to that of other peoples.  The diversity of every peoples personalities and the complications and harmonies that our communications bring are what basically compose the enriching part of our everyday life.

In Kuwait, mainly because of the Gulf War Crisis that took place here which isolated the country form the rest of the world, access to the internet or any other latest security technology is a major security issue. This helps the country to define itself in the world. There is accessible digital media, though the media is associated with the censorship risks due to the generals public lack of preparedness for enemy countries hostilities. Censorship still continues in Kuwait. In addition, self censorship is very common. (Deborah 34).

The country has a strict press law which limits criticism of the ruling family and its allies, publication of anything considered potentially anti Islamic, and the distribution of literature considered harmful to public mortality. This press law exists in direct tension with the guarantee of freedom of expression by the Kuwait constitution. This is a case where strict laws governing print media and public disclosure discourage freedom of expression, both on-line and off-line. (Georgina Adam). There is enough evidencing through the fact that books are regularly banned by the ministry of information from the display at the annual Kuwait national book fair. The continued existence of a ministry of information and the ministrys active effort to police and censor public discourse illustrates the tenuousness of freedom of speech and information in Kuwait. (Kevin Stoda).

Despite the censorship, a wide range of media texts is available in Kuwait. These include imported media materials like magazines and newspapers some of which are censored. The government imposes a heavy and large import duty that discourages wide readership. Prior to any release of movies for both cinema and television, books or any other entertainment products, strict scrutiny is carried out by the ministry which issues appropriate licenses  

This is through the committee that is composed of members from the different departments. The ministry stores the censored information and stores it in the department archives on the basis given by the ministry. (Kuwait Arab Times).

There is also the censorship in the television programs. All the programs are first screened where there is a permanent member of the board who works to view and censor all the unwanted scenes and do the clearance before they are aired on the television. (Kuwait NYT).

For the companies that sell DVDs and VCDs, their products too have to be reviewed before they enter the market. This includes an imposition of a fee on every film. This in addition includes the confiscation of all the films from the passengers as they arrive in the airport for review where the bearer faces legal charges if the films contain offending scenes and at the same time the films are confiscated.

The government also censors all the satellite broadcasts. This is after the airing or the publishing where this even leads to the closure of the station signals in the country in case of any illegal viewing. This includes also the banning of the airing of those program and immediate implementation. The censorship exercise curtails the freedom of the press and expression. This is meant to keep the society uninformed in order to help control it easily. This way helps the government to achieve its interests and help punish those who are criticizing it. (Ricky 3).

In conclusion, though the country is gaining technological advancement, there is a strong regression on the democracy where the state has been reduced into a business level company. This is in  the name of protecting the image of the country, respecting its norms and culture and promoting the well being of the residents  (Wheeler 34) . In effect this hinders development by keeping away investors.

Nearly 140 nurses of Alameda county jails decided to walk off from their usual jobs in protest on Tuesday of 10th, March, this year. They protested for what they termed as six months of unjust labor practices and stalled negotiations of contracts.

Half of the hundred and forty nurses that went on strike were Filipino people. They protested outside North county jail and the larger number marched in front of Santa Rita, the largest jail in the county.
 The workers complained that the Prison Health Services did not keep their promise on the 10 annual raise. When interviewed, one nurse at the jail said that she felt cheated by the management as they had families back home who were depending on them for support.

Others asserted that they had bills to pay and if they were denied their rights as workers life would be unbearable.

Protestors also claimed that the management had planned a 25 healthcare salary increase. This meant that a married nurse with children to take care of had to pay 3,000 annually for the coverage. One licensed vocational nurse in jail said she has three children to take care of and the increase will be a great impact to her as her entire family depended on healthcare gains.

The Prison Health Services affirmed that it has suggested across the boarder increase of salary and a minimum of 4. Management also claimed that it has offered full health care coverage to the workers. The workers protested that the new rule involves lofty co-pays.

Protestors said that though they had planned for a one day strike there were rumors swirling that the prison management was to lock out all the workers for one week

 They do not intimidate us It actually makes us stronger, asserted Joan Fabro, a vocational nurse.
A medical record technician, Kim Tovar said that they meant business and they did not plan to give in. The prison Health Services did not confirm of the lockout .They however offered a statement saying that they regretted the decision of the nurses to walk out and were still committed on reaching a fair negotiation on a competitive and reasonable contract.

The management has hired temporary workers as the workers go on strike to ensure that the patients in Santa Rita are catered for.

The workers and the Service employees International Union had approved the one day strike last month after they had worked more than two months with no contract and making headway with Tennessee Prison Health Services.

A memorandum from the company to its staff had being issued the previous week saying the union workers were not to be allowed back to work until 16th March or until another contract was signed.

I think it is dirty and low, Tovar averred of the alleged lockout.

Carrie Singleton one of the licensed nurses encouraged the workers to stand their ground and be committed to the fight even after they have been rocked out. The main issue in negotiating with the management as it was clearly stipulated is that they always see vast increase of health care costs workers.  According to Blaire, a nurse at North county jail, any proposed salary increment is used up by 30 health care increase.

Prison Health Services managers asserted that wages at the facilities ranged from 25 to 64 higher compared to that of nurse earnings in Bay Area. The workers asserted that Tennessee Prison Health Services had not been negotiating on a new contract in good faith and had backtracked after they had agreed on a 10 increase of salary and health care promotion. They revealed that the company had decided to increment health premiums by 30.Alameda County pays PHS services  25 million annually in order to offer medical services.

According to a press release, Prison Health Services has been a dedicated team that has more than 3,800 caring professionals who provide quality care to patient and cost effective care in hundreds of prisons, jails and juvenile facilities globally. PHS community brings to the patients and caregivers a base of efficiency, quality and accountability to achieve great results. They have invested wisely over years to the community. Denial of their rights and the failure by the management to increment their salary would have adverse effects on the company and the community. The better they are paid the more they will continue producing effective work.

As nurses In USA go about on their daily jobs there are several issues that demoralizes them. They always cite some issues that make it complex for them to do their daily jobs or to feel secured and safe in their professional career.  The bill of rights clearly stipulates seven rights that the nurses should have when administering their duties.

Nurses have a right to practice in manner that is fulfilling to their career obligations to those receiving the medical attention. Anything that triggers them from this right makes it difficult for them to continue with their duties. They also have a right to practice in environs that are favorable to them as far as their professional ethics are concerned. Where a management promises a contract or a wage increase and does not offer, shows a lack of seriousness on their part to their workers.

In most cases where nurses end up striking they are not supported by the government. For example, when the Irish nurses strike, the Minister of Health asserted that the nurses decision was neither justified nor necessary. Nurses strike leads to industrial dispute in the country and the people who end up suffering more are the patients. The government has to work hand in hand with the Nursing Unions to make sure that they are just to their rights.

Literature Review
Business organizations in different countries usually encounter problems related to communication. This problem affects all facets of the organizations output and often becomes one of the critical factors in the success or failure of the business. The problem stems out from the scenarios of having a native language as opposed to English being the international language. Aside from language conflicts and barriers, the basic culture and custom of a local region is always the focal point of the communication difficulties. International organizations operating locally in UAE often hire expatriates or foreign managers and high ranking officials which facilitate the local employees operational activities. These foreign managers are obviously not accustomed to the culture of UAE and of their employees this disparity leads to communication problems ranging from following exact guidelines, expectations, disparity in output, and many more.

In 2004, Hakeem did a study regarding the application and recognition of core values which contribute to organizational success. The values include organizational culture, quality of work and traditional culture. The findings of the study suggest that the core values of each organization is defined by its effective communication all throughout the sub-levels of organizations. This means that communication must be clearly defined starting from the highest ranking official down to the entry level employees. Furthermore, it was concluded that the improvement and definition of the ore values will allow better organizational stability and growth. This means that an organizations capability to define it core values through effective communication will improve the capacity of each manager and employee to understand guidelines, adapt to changes, and create innovative solutions to all organizational related problems. Similar to Hakeems findings, an in depth study made by Nadim Jahangir back in 2003 gave insights to specific facets of a foreign managers style of communication and implementation of rules and guidelines. Jahangir was able to come up with relationships between a managers use of power and procedural justice, and the employees commitment and job satisfaction. On the other hand, Jahangir was not able to find out specific signs of problems in communication which stems out from educational attainment, gender, age, and power. The main highlight of the study was recommendations of the author to the organization.

In relation to communication, Jahangir (2003) suggested that managers and high ranking officials should provide modifications both on the organizational level and individual level of work. This means that employees should have specialized job related training as well as relationship management skills. Furthermore, it was suggested that the managers of organizations should be trained in order to improve their inter and intro-personal skills.

It has been said that through effective communication, all problems will be resolved. This is one of the most important needs of any organization today. Foreigners who work internationally become exposed to different cultures and work environments. This means that they should be the one who will be adjusting more rather than the employees. In UAE, a significant number of organization are headed by foreigners. In 2002, Zammany performed a study of the different difficulties which surround the implementation of quality management in Yemen. Although the location is different, there are a lot of technical similarities in terms of the findings. These findings are very much applicable to UAE and any other country. Zamanny found out that there is an enormous amount of anxiety from an employee whenever faced with a foreign manager. This anxiety leads to conflicting assumptions on how to communicate and how to prove each self to be acceptable. Furthermore, Zamanny stated that the basic problem of communication difficulty between foreign managers and employees is normal how ever it can be worked on to improve and further lessen the negative effects.

Different cultures lead to different interactions. Acceptance of different cultures is one of the key in having a good working relations hip between managers and employees. Zamanny stated that the solution to communication difficulties would be the creation of a special cross cultural training to all workers and managers alike. This will improve the cohesion between coworkers and also increase their productivity. On the other hand, poor communication will lead to low production and dismal results. Statistical results from UAE employees were obtained and analyzed by the CMR Institute back in 2004. These results indicate that over fifty percent of the emotional reactions of the UAE employees working in companies with international managers will exhibit behaviors that will affect their performance in the workplace. The results also suggest that manager coming from other countries should be trained in UAE Cultural background before engaging in the position. It was also indicated that the acceptance of UAE national employees were good although many suggested that managers be trained on how to communicate effectively with their Dubai counterparts.

Most of the organizations in UAE are dominated by westerners or Caucasians which come from either the United States of America, Great Britain and sometimes Asia. Recently, astudy was performed by  Bakr Ahmad Alserhan, Ingo Forstenlechner  Ahmad Al Nakeeb on the employees attitudes towards diversity in a non-western context. The study focused on the banking sector of the United Arab Emirates. It was found out that the all the banks have a high level of diversity among their employees and only a small percentage of the  employees were from the United Arab Emirates. This diversity of culture and origin can be classified in two sections namely diversity in religion and diversity in nationalities. The highlight of the study was that there was not so much differences in language although the religious disparity was much more overwhelming. It was found out that the Islamic banks were the least diverse in terms of religion. Communication difficulties were set to a minimum following the study and it was also concluded that culture doesnt really dictate much on the communication barrier but the language issue was the real highlight problem.

A good in depth look at this problem would be the consideration of Western culture in the context of UAE. A study by Paton and Behery addressed this issue by developing critical questions for the Middle Eastern practices with regards to professionalism and efficacy. Communication difficulties arise from the various influences and also from the organizational fit. An employees satisfaction with regards to his or her job will dictate the positive outlook to any manager and also the increase in self development which will enhance interpersonal communication. Furthermore, Paton and Beherys conclusion suggested that employee s job satisfaction and commitment is linked to organizational fit and cultural alignment.

Enhancements of communication in the workplace will be one of the top objectives of any organization if they want to improve their productivity. In 2007, Code did a study and came up with  certain strategies for success. The study was based on the diversity in the workplace which heavily impacts businesses and was pointed in the direction of an effective management of issues surrounding the workplace. Codes findings state that each business organization must enhance their diversity management techniques. This means that the priority of setting a task oriented and goal oriented should be at the top. Furthermore, ti was suggested that these steps should be done by organizations diversity recruiting, fair and equal employee development and involving diversity champions within the organizations. Codes conclusion was very innovative as it utilized the real environment of the problem of communication. Code suggested that the environment surrounding the application of diversity is constantly changing. This means that  business organizations should prioritize the to yearly assessment of their diversity approaches. This means that the creation of new goals to sustain involvement and commitment of all employees as well as managers should be done to increase interaction and develop good working  relationship despite their differences.

It can be observed that most of the studies suggest an arrangement of a training revamp and an establishment of a goal-oriented approach together with community involvement. Similarly, Khalid Alrawi did a research regarding International Human Resource Maangement. This research aims to resolve the barriers of successful communication between foreigners alike. Alrawi (2008) stated that there is a need for more effective integration can best be advanced through the use of the geocentric approach, which uses the best available managers without regard for their countries of origin, and allows for the development of international managers and reduces national biases.

Overall, in UAE, Globalization has been driven largely by issues of marketing, cost and competition. The creation of an effective training module for all employees national or foreign, will greatly reduce the negative effect of cultural diversity and language diversity and this will also improve the working relationships of all people. Organization should take advantage of strength through diversity.

Interview is an excellent source of expanding our understanding regarding a particular person, subject or issue. Professionals who shoulder the responsibility of mass communication use the technique of interviewing as a source of generating insights about people and issues related to public interest.

There are different research techniques or in other words, methods of interviewing. The major ones as used by the professionals in the field of communication and media are as follows
Topical interviews  The main aim of this interview method is to get the sequence of happenings and facts related to an event. These interviews are done when there is breaking news like an accident, fire, etc. or when some important event has been organized like conference, concert etc.

Evaluation Interview  This interview method is used to evaluate whether the spokesperson is giving the right picture or not. Example of this method can be the interview of a political leader regarding the steps he has taken after a major accident, natural calamity etc.

Life Histories  This research technique is used to know not only about the life history of a personality but also a monument, art form, ethnic group etc.

Qualitative Interview  While doing a qualitative interview, the interviewer has to study a topic in detail in order to be able to ask the relevant questions and to successfully grasp what is being delivered by the interviewee. Also, it is important for the interviewer to be well prepared for this kind of interview because he has to weigh the authenticity of the given information. This research technique is used to interview politicians, industrialists, artists or any other public figure.
Cultural Interview  The purpose of this kind of interview is to study a particular, norm, behavior or culture of a group of people. The reports of this kind of interview are mostly written in the form of features.

Focus group Interview  This research technique helps in getting viewpoints of a group of people belonging to a certain category like the educationists, the theatre owners, Hindus etc. Generally the group of people indulge in a discussion related to their interest area in which the media professionals are invited to be a part of. The media professionals get many viewpoints of people of the same trade or community on an issue that might be of interest to the public at large.

Though interviewing might seem to be similar to our day to day conversations but the media professionals have immense responsibilities in order to bring the account of their conversation in front of the people. They have to always abide by the ethics of the trade and can never distort the gathered information. They have the responsibility of being the eyes, ears, nose and senses of the public at large and they have to present the gathered information as accurately as possible.

Initially mediarelied fundamentally upon print and analogbroadcastmodels, like the televisionand the radio (Lane, 2007). This was the story in the 1980s. However, for the last couple of decades, media, along with all other industries, have seen arapidtransformation (Hanson, 2008). A paradigm shift transforming into media which is based upon the use of digital computers, cellular technology and facilitated by independent  universal platforms such as theInternet.

1. Perhaps the best metaphor for the changes brought about by new media is the development of smart phones, such as the iPhone and Verizons Droid. Discuss some of the ways in which these new devices are transforming traditional media and the culturalsocietal implications of those changes. Dont overlook their other function mp3 players.

Impact of Cellular Media

New media, a term mostly used to define the evolution of digital,computerized andornetworkedinformationandcommunicationtechnologies (Hanson, 2008). Most of the technologies which come under the umbrella of new media are digital, often having characteristics of beingmoderated, interactive andneutral.

BlackBerry was launched in 1999 as a two-way pager. By the year 2002, the BlackBerry Smartphone debuted. It actually combined the function of a mobile phone with e-mail, text messaging and Web browsing besides the features such as an address book and a calendar, making it an indispensable assistant to tech savvy business executives.

With the passage of time, when BlackBerry was becoming common, a significant group of people started getting addicted to it. BlackBerry became more of a need for every cell phone user than of business users only.

The advent of the iPhone in 2007 turned the market equilibrium quickly towards the Apple device, along with crisp quality, colorful graphics and an easy-to-use touch screen, iPhone had it all. Not to mention the multiple capabilities of the smart phones, that are emerging and still being upgraded to higher standards.

The built-in mp3 player, huge storage, processing speeds and the ability of running a huge number of applications on a single handy device are an edge which overwhelms the benefits of the traditional PC even.

Smart phones of today are the devices which have really change the traditional way of doing things. They have truly transformed the way we think about the mobile phone and especially the one such iPhone, has forced competitors in the hardware, software and mobile operator space to raise efforts and bringing efficiency and performance at an affordable cost to be used by masses.
 It has also forced a wave of innovation, which has had a social impact on majority of the cultures. People now interact with one device to interact with the whole world. The world is getting smaller and the tones of information in our pocket through the emergence of this new media (Lane, 2007).

4. Increasingly, advertisers are concerned about clutter and the diminishing attention we pay to advertising. These are examples of new methods of grabbing our attention. Discuss their effectiveness and the significance of the problems facing the advertising industry.

Diminishing Effects of Advertising Clutter
Over the past few years, the boom in the electronic media industry has witnessed many startups and a big change in the advertising industry as well (Hanson, 2008). Companies now fight for the time slots on the most watched TV channels andor most visited sites. Despite the potential revenues, to the hosts of such advertisements, the viewers have now been bombarded by so many ads that they seldom pay attention to any of them.

 Thus, the average viewer or web-surfer is indifferent to many of the ads targeted towards him and the advertisement expenditure seems not to justify its return. To counter this, and for some business, to gain market awareness and customers eyes on them, the ads have been constantly changing to become more of a sexually explicit show rather than a depiction of productservice attributes. The inclusion of such characteristics, though works out in most cases, is a proof of the ailing advertisement industry saturated with a number substitutes, fighting for the market share and their lack of creativity to attract customer by the product.

Further, researchers and media analyst still argue about the effectiveness of the clutter of ads and sexually explicit techniques to get the viewers attraction. The question remains to be decided, the density of ads is increasing day by day and the marginal benefit or the effectiveness of these ads, despite the explicit content, is diminishing (Hanson, 2008).

6. at the moment, we are in what may be the worst financial crisis since the Great Depression. The subject is extremely complex and difficult to explain, and many people, even if they are directly affected, are reluctant to pay attention to detailed analyses of the problem.Do the commercial news media have a responsibility to provide in-depth information and analysis on such subjectseven if audiences demonstrate, through their choices, that they prefer more entertaining and dramatic news What are the implications of your answer

Commercial Media on Socio-Economic Front

In general, the most important source of information for many individuals in an economy is the media, particularly commercial media (Lane, 2007).  While we have often blamed the media for creating some biases in information however, little analysis has been done to analyse the mechanisms of information provision through the media, and the likelihood of any bias that results from the intentional plans of the media organizations.

Media has in fact, a far greater role to play in the economy especially at times when information affecting all the stake holders is critical, such as in case of economic slowdown, a series of expected downsizing rounds or about a potential threat to the country.

The communications media have an extraordinary ability to raise public understanding of issues if they actually aim to do so. Despite having the power to influence general opinion, the commercial media should comply with the moral obligation of keeping the people informed and giving them unbiased information when necessary, for the good of all. A problem in this situation, however, may arise when the commercial media has to consider its sources of revenue. Of course none of the economic agents will want the common man to know the mess they have made up or the devastating consequences of what is being done. We always take the basic assumption, as coined by Adam Smith that everyone tends to maximize their own utilityprofitbenefit.

This leads to a conflict of interest between the commercial media and the stakeholders of a country.

Conclusion
Thus finally we would say that dissemination of information on the required level to build an economy in the time available to us is not likely to realize unless the communications media can raise public understanding to the point where people will support these changes (Lane, 2007). We are facing a unique situation that is totally different from any of the other that our modern civilization has faced before.

Attachment parenting is a term that was coined by William Sears, a pediatrician, and his wife Martha to refer to a highly attentive and response style of caring for a child. This parenting style advocates for both emotional and physical closeness between a parent and the child, a situation Sears calls Baby Bs. Baby Bs stand for bonding, bedsharing, breastfeeding, babywearing, and boundary building.

Advocates for attachment parenting ask parents to carry and hold their babies during the early weeks after birth to foster bonding. Breastfeeding enhances transfer of mothers instinct to the child through physical closeness, attentiveness and hormonal influence. Babywearing relate to carrying the baby close to the parents body with a carrier while bedsharing involves sharing the same bed, all of which present opportunities for closeness (Grolnick, 21). A discipline philosophy called body building entails responding to a childs need as he grows and using appropriate guidance. The Baby Bs promotes trust and intuition that is necessary for responding appropriately to a childs needs.

Attachment styles by parents generally watch the behaviors of a baby and not the calendar or the clock, for signs that the baby is ready to play, eat, or sleep. To understand the signs of a baby, the parent must establish an intimate relationship with the child. This is by devoting enough time and a close watch of the child so that when he or she behaves in certain way, a parent can take the necessary actions. Mothers who practice attachment parenting will not allow the baby to cry without responding to the cries. Responding builds trust and develops effective parent-child communication.

The original purpose of attachment theory was meant to investigate how parent-child interactions influenced the development of a childs self esteem, security and the ability of establishing an intimate relationship in the future (Lamp, 31). A childs attachment system is usually activated when they are emotionally distressed and seek protection from their parents. Children who receive constant emotional support develop a sense of protection and gain a positive attitude in themselves and others. On the other hand, neglected children receiving inconsistent support develop negative attitudes and are more likely to have a poor interpersonal relationship (Bornstein, 25).

The bible advices people to do unto other as you would like them to do to you. However, the platinum rule of communication says that best way of connecting with people and avoiding conflict is to do to them as they want it to be done to them. In other words, if you are communicating with a person who wants direct and immediate answer, there is no need of consuming their time by trying to warm them up. The platinum rule gives four communication styles which focus on two aspects of interpersonal communication.

The first aspect relates to whether the preferred style of communication is closed or open. People who prefer closed communication means that there are private in nature and like to keep their things personal. When such people hold a discussion, they focus on the facts of the situation rather than peoples opinions on the matter (Marc, 17). On the other hand, people who are open in their communication are very free in sharing their feelings and when holding discussions, they are open to other peoples opinion and give their own instead of dwelling only on facts.

The second aspect that determines a communication style is whether an individual likes direct or indirect communication. A person who is direct does not beat about the bush and usually gets to the point. They are authoritative and like to talk more and tell others what to do. When a conflict arises, they can confront directly in a bid of settling the situation. They are opposite of the people who use the indirect style of communication. Indirect people are easy going and like engaging in small talk and discussing the basics of a situation before settling on the facts (Lamp, 38). They ask question and are good listeners and rarely tend to confront people they would rather withdraw from the conversation.

Dalpiaz (2004) came up with three distinct attachment styles that were present in mother to child relationships. First, secure pattern of attachment is leads to bold confidence since the parent is present and responds to the childs emotional and physical requirements. Ambivalent or anxious attachment style is comprised of fear and anxiety when a parent is not available to give physical and emotional support. Third, avoidant attachment style is portrayed when there is an emotional separation between a parent and the child (Dalpiaz, 41). Mature people display the same patterns when forming attachment to romantic partners and this can be similar to attachments they received from their parent when they were young.

Marc (2003) argues that the styles of attachment are based on the beliefs of a person as well as the values of how a person relates to others. Those with positive thoughts about themselves and others have security in their attachment (p.56). Avoidant usually have negative perceptions of other people while ambivalent anxious have a negative self esteem. The attachment bond is essential for the general wellbeing of a person and the forms of relationships they are bound to make in their lifespan.
During infancy, children tend to represent mentally their attachment figures and develop expectations and ideas on relationships from these figures (Reder  Dancan, 71). Reder and Dancan (2003) referred to this as the internal working model of attachment. Mary Ainsworth, an attachment theorist, said that attachment behaviors during infancy was affected by the quality of the caregivers (mother) response to the childs requirements which in turn determined the childs response. Mothers who are quick to respond to a child in a sensitive manner will have a child who grows knowing that they are well taken of (Bornstein, 33). Early experience with a parent develops to a system of thoughts, emotions, beliefs, and behaviors. Moreover, they continue being shaped by environmental changes and they are reflected in the way a child communicates with his peers in the future.

Extensive studies have concluded that attachment is important for adjustment in childhood. For example, children with secure attachment to their parents engage in positive and social behavior than children who are insecure. In addition, they show competency in social interaction and demonstrate positive effects. They are also graded as compliant and more emphatic by their teachers (Lamb, 48). Moreover, studies have revealed that there is a link between patterns of insecure attachment in infancy and aggression and non-compliance during early childhood. Similar to the theory that poor emotional regulation is as a result of insecure attachment, longitudinal research have shown that avoidant attachment leads to hyperactivity, negativity, and non-compliance at 3.5 years, and more naughty behaviors at Grades 1 to 3.

Compared to secure children, those who are avoidant tend to be confrontational and aggressive with their mothers and more hostile, distant and aggressive with their colleges (Grolnick, 39). In addition, disorganized attachment during infancy has been known to cause aggressiveness in later years. Researchers have concluded that children who show disorganized pattern of attachment during infancy grow to become controlling, coercive and domineering as they join preschool and early childhood (Marc, 24). Children who are ambivalently attached are adult oriented, dependent emotionally compared to securely attached children. Around peers, these children are withdrawn, more likely to be criticized and occupy low peer status.

Patterns that correspond to insecure attachment problems are however not related to future behavior problems. Research conclude that disorganized and avoidant attachment does not lead to future aggressive problems. Similarity between insecurity of attachment and future discordant behaviors can be attributed to children who grow up in high risk situations such as family poverty, parental psychopathology, and low social support. Moreover, infant insecurity was found to be highly predictive of future aggressive problems in homes where mothers had chronic depression or engaged in hostile parental practices towards the children. In conclusion, there is a general agreement that insecure attachment can lead to future problems, but cannot be regarded as a conclusive and sufficient result in itself.