Communications and Media

3. Select one song that seems to represent a particular culture within the United States. How is that culture being presented and what might this representation imply about the dynamics of about communicating with members of this culture (i.e. what does the song seem to be saying about how to communicate with that cultureco-culture)
In D Club
Go, go, go, go, go, goGo, shortyIts your birthdayWe gon party like its your birthdayWe gon sip Bacardi like its your birthdayAnd you know we dont give a fuckcause its not your birthdayChorus (2x)You can find me in the club, bottle full of bubLook mami i got the X ,if you into takin drugsIm into havin sex i aint into makin loveSo come give me a hug if you into getting rubbedVerseWhen I pull out up front, you see the Benz on dubsWhen I roll 20 deep, its 20 knives in the clubNiggas heard I fuck with Dre, now they wanna show me loveWhen you sell like Eminem, and the hoes they wanna fuck But homie aint nothing change hoes down, Gs upI see Xzibit in the Cut that nigga roll that weed upIf you watch how I move youll mistake me for a playa or pimpBeen hit wit a few shells but I dont walk wit a limp(Im ight)In the hood, In L.A, they saying 50 you hotThey like me, I want them to love me like they love PacBut holla in New York them niggasll tell ya im locoAnd the plan is to put the rap game in a choke holdIm full of focused man, my money on my mindI got a mill out the deal and Im still on the grindNow shorty said she feeling my style, she feeling my flowHer girlfriend wanna get bi and they ready to goChorus (2x)BridgeMy flow, my show brought me the doeThat bought me all my fancy things My crib, my cars, my clothes, my jewelsLook nigga i done came up and i aint change.VerseAnd you should love it, way more then you hate itNigga you mad I thought that youd be happy I made itIm that cat by the bar toasting to the good lifeYou that faggot ass nigga trying to pull me back rightWhen my jaws get to bumpin in the club its onI wink my eye at you bitch, if she smiles she goneIf the roof on fire, let the motherfucker burnIf you talking bout money homie, I aint concernedIm a tell you what Banks told me cause go head switch the style upIf the niggas hate then let em hate and watch the money pile upOr we go upside they head wit a bottle of bubThey know where we fuckin beChorus (2x)TalkingLaughing Dont try to act like you aint know where we been either nigga, but i lo chupe a junior yeahIn the club all the time nigga, its about to pop off niggaG-Unit 

     America is a land of liberty. The freedom of expression come undaunted in the American culture as this song generally reflects Americans inclination to sex, liquor and good times. It can be inferred that the freedom which Americans enjoy has been greatly revealed in songs and in their culture of leniency. Independence has given each and everyone the right to talk about anything and pour out emotions and thoughts on something which other cultures may find taboo like sex, drugs and liquor. The opportunity given to anyone to indulge in these taboos is a mirror reflecting Americas liberation and independence. On the lighter side, it gives a sense of responsibility that no matter what Americans indulge in, they stand firm for it. 
    The song also implies mans darker desires for money and luxury as given in the statement im into having sex, aint into making love,m y crib, my cars, my jewels I cant change. It is a redefinition of what a good life is supposed to be. In this world of global economic meltdown, life has gotten into another meaning and that is acquiring wealth and comfort.

4. Select one song that affronts, challenges, or might be offensive to a particular culture in the United States. What is the affront and what are the implications of this song in respect to communicating with members of this culture

Blackman Redemption lyrics by Bob MarleyWoy-a, Natty CongoA Dreadlock Congo IWoy-a, Natty CongoA Blackman Redemption Woy-yo, yo-oo-wo-ooA Blackman Redemption Woy-yo, wo-oo-wo-ooNo need - no need to get jumpyNo need and-a no need to get bumpy,And-a no need - and-a no need to get bumpyNo nee-nee-nee-nee-nee-nee-nee-need to get jumpyYouth and youth agree toCool runnings can you dig itCool runnings yeah, one more time A-beg yaCool runnings can you stop itCool runningsSpread out, spread out,Spread out, spread out.Tell you about the Blackman Redemption can you dig it (Oh, yeah)A Blackman Redemption can you stop itOh, no Oh, no Oh, noComing from the root of King DavidThrough to the line of Solomon,His Imperial Majesty is the Power of AuthoritySpread out, spread out,Spread out, spread out,Spread out, spread out,Spread, spread out.---Instrumental break---No need - no need - no need to get jumpy,And-a no need - and-a no need to walk away.Let me tell bout yaCool runnings, can you dig itCool runnings its one more time we want itCool runningsCool runningsSpread out, spread out,Spread out, spread out,Spread out. Spread out, spread out.Spread out, spread out.Its just-a Blackman RedemptionCan you dig it (wo-yeah) Good, Lord Good, Lord Good, LordBlackman Redemption, can you stop it Oh, no Oh, noBlackman redemption - fadeout


    This song generally reflects the painful rejection of black men in the society long time ago. Marley took the song as an opportunity to express how people should live in equality and unity. He stated this on the lines coming from the root of King David through the line of Solomon. This is a clear indication of Marleys desire to prove that black men are beings of good ancestry- the same ancestry which the whites claim to have belonged. Racism is a cultural challenge that has influenced literature especially the creation of songs. It is evident how Marley was able to express the blacks disagreement to cultural bias and inferiority.
Furthermore, the song is an embodiment of mans desire for freedom from the slavery of thoughts and emotions. Marley was able to use the lyrics to defy injustices against the Black signifying a remarkable event which according to him is unstoppable. This song definitely shows how man can get out of his own misery as long as he values himself and sees worth of his being. In its entire context, Marley is pushing for equality  that Black be given respect, love and sense of being as what others have long been enjoying.

David Harveys work on postmodernism is the reaction to the modernistic tendencies of the past and how the changes took place in the art, architecture, literature etc. David Harveys book The Condition of Postmodernity brings the postmodern theory within the paradigm of social spheres.

    Harveys argues that since the beginning of 1972, there has been considerable change in the social, economic, as well as cultural spheres bringing in the new sensitivity in the way of thinking in these various fields and disciplines. Harvey says postmodernism is related to the changes that had taken place in the capitalism and to entirely new ways of experiencing time-space as he describes it as positivistic, technocentric, and rationalistic, and the belief in linear progress, absolute truths and rational planning of ideal social orders, under standardized condition of knowledge and production. (Harvey, 35) Postmodernism is modification or deviation from the modernistic mode of thinking. These changes are in a form of new kinds of methods of production, new methods of providing financial services, emerging of new markets, new innovations in technologies and commercial establishments and increase in the employment in the service sector. Also there is uneven development between different regions. To this context, Fredric Jameson says that postmodernism is not a fashion or a form but it is an overriding culture which gives space to different traits yet comparatively inferior. (Jameson, 1)

In the book, Harvey brings out the silhouette of culture that marks the post modernism, construes shifts in the global capitalism and understands how various economic endeavors have reduced the time and space, and also culture by extension. Time and Space is the essential part of the life cycle of human beings that has made the people increase the speed of the production, reduce the turnover time of capital, increase the speed and reduce the distance. It is a time of electronic transformation where every thing is speeding up and increasing the pace of time. The speed of travel has also increased encompassing the financial arena that has captured the whole globe in a very short time which was unimaginable in the past. Harvey saw the post modernity as the birth of the modern system of mass production with a comparatively fixed system for capital accumulation and for the same he took the concept of the Marxs theory of capital. Again in the book he elaborates the Fredrick Jamesons argument of post modernism as the cultural logic of late capitalism. (Harvey, 42) In other words the production process has witnessed so much flexibility that can quickly correspond to the changes in the market, reducing both the space and time.

             Thirdly, Harvey argued that post modernity is a break up from Fordism, which is a term formulated by the Antonio Gramsci to explain the regulations in the industries and the accumulation of the wealth that would have occurred during an era Keynesian. Now it is the era of post-Fordism involving the new methods of production linked with socio economic growth that prevail in many of the industrialized nations. It is associated with specialized means of production, with each one of them performing specialized tasks.

    Postmodernism is also marked by the increase in the domination of television and culture, with people having a greater accessibility to mass media and telecommunication. His strongest point is the way he conceptualized the trend of the postmodernism and how it is different from the modernism. He is quite right in stating that the telecommunications since 1950 has completely changed with the emergence of new media and transnational media conglomerates. The commercial media system has changed from the small fragmented national industry to vast transnational media corporations who have given us the new means not only to communicate with each other but also to fully associate with each other. There is also a complete change in consumer culture this change in the trend is an amplification of the fact that society is moving towards postmodernism.

    To this extent, the whole media and culture revolve around consumerism as the media advertisers and media corporate are in search of the new programs. Thus they are transferring societies and at the same time integrating them into the global network of cultures (Chalaby, 154) Harvey is the true man of his words, as he describes the films, music, art and literature from the eyes of the modern man and how they use it. In his words there is a break from the old and Fredric Jameson too said that there is a newness in the whole concept be it any form of art for e.g. abstract expressionism in painting, existentialism in philosophy, complete plot in the novel, in the films or the modernist school of poetry, we can see and feel the immense pulse of postmodernism in them. (Jameson, 1) Harvey was able to see and feel the pulse of the media and how it has come closer to the people. He gave the examples of the musicians and film makers to show they have modified the modernist movements to give in something new and refreshing catering to the global taste. But one of his biggest drawbacks is his language which is obscure, as there is lack of clarity and how the way the new means of media is a deviation from the modernism and how we can call the postmodernistic as a deviation from modernism in the context of culture and art.

Harveys concept of post modernism is read in the light of the various new trends and happenings in this world. While reading all through his works, the questions that emerge are the way links between capitalism and postmodernism are created Is there a need to add explanation to understand these links Another question that comes to light is though Harvey has taken the postmodernism in all the social, economic, art and cultural spheres yet he has left out the most important political achievements that had great impact on the postmodernism, for e.g. the political endeavors of 1960. Was he right in doing so There also has been intellectual influences and how they had happened Cultural dominance can also play its part in creating influence how Harvey can incorporate cultural dominance in explaining the variety in postmodernism

    There is no doubt a fact that capitalism has played the most considerable role in defining the trends in postmodernism but there are far more roles in the way we shape our contemporary ideas, values and practices which are far more autonomous than explained by Harvey.

In the world today, technology and media play a very significant role in shaping the listening strategies. Significant modalities of control, co modification, dream work and social bonding in the media are constituted of sound, noise and music. This is why technology and media are playing a significant role in shaping listening strategies. It is however important for the message to be communicated properly to the receiver and for this there are some strategies that should be adopted by the party that is interested in conveying the message. There are two terms i.e. hearing and listening and the two have a lot of difference between each other. The word hearing means that a person is just hearing what is being told to him but is not giving importance to it and has not understood the real message while listening means that the person is carefully hearing and is understanding the message (Sterne 23).

When we have to convey some message to the listener, the first and the foremost thing that should be done is to identify the real purpose of conveying the message. Similarly, even the listen has to identify the real purpose of listening to something. For instance, children carefully listen to what their parents say to them so that they understand the message correctly so that they can obey and do what their parents tell them to. Similarly, children also pay heed to what their teachers say in the class and they carefully listen to the teachers instructions in order to score good grades. This therefore proves that as everything has a purpose, even listening has some purpose. Another important thing that has to be taken care of when listening is to maintain contact with speaker as this helps the person better understand to what the speaker wants to say. The non-verbal cues are very important during a conversation as they tell even those things that the speaker himself does not want to say. Therefore, the speaker has to take care of the tone in which he is speaking, his gestures as well as his facial expressions. For instance, when the speaker is telling the listener about something important, he should emphasis it with the use of his hand or his facial expressions. Similarly, when a mother or a teacher is scolding a child, the tone in which she speaks changes and her anger reflects in the way she speaks. Even her facial expression changes and this tells the child that her mother is angry at something he or she has done. Therefore, the child always avoids repeating the same thing again in future, however if the mother will not scold the child and will tell him about his mistake in a calm manner, there are chances that the child will repeat the same mistake again as he would not give much attention to what his mother is saying. In the same way, when the media is trying to convey some message to the listeners or to the people watching the television, the hosts have to be very careful of their tone, facial expressions and their gestures and nothing should conflict with what they are speaking. When a newscaster is delivering news on the television, her voice has to be serious and firm so that the people watching the news program believe in what he or she is saying and they know that the news is correct. However, if the newscaster will joke around while podcasting news, people will end up believing in what he or she is talking about. Therefore, it is important for the person conveying the message to act accordingly.

People are fascinated with the visuals more than when they are when they have something only to listen to. During the listening process, it is essential for the speaker to emphasize more on the words and phrases that are of more value. As I already discussed the difference between hearing and listening, for the speaker to make the listeners actually listen to what he has to say, he or she must ensure that the other sounds are tuned out. Another important aspect is to relate the information that is being given to the listener to what he has already heard earlier so that it becomes easier for him to comprehend what is being told.

    In order to improve the listening skills of the people to whom the media aims to communicate its message, there are some strategies that should be developed. Learning of the language basically depends on listening that serves as an input and it enables the learners to interact during the communication process. Learning instructors, who are effective, make themselves adjust to the behavior of their students to deal in various situations and they actually help the students to develop strategies that can be applied therein. The techniques or activities that directly contribute to the listener and helps him in comprehending what is being told to him and also in recalling what he has already listened are basically what listening strategies are. These can be classified by the way in which the listener processes the input. Some of the strategies are mentioned below.

Top-down strategies
    This is listener based and the previous knowledge of the subject is tapped by the listener and the knowledge of the topic consists of the context, the type of text and the language itself. The background knowledge that is provided to the listener helps in activating his expectations and he can easily interpret the things that will follow. These strategies consist of the following.
listening for the main idea
predicting
drawing inferences
summarizing
Bottom-up strategies
    These are based on text and the listener relies basically on the language that is used in the message which consists of a bundle of words, grammar and sound. These strategies consist of the following.
listening for specific details
recognizing cognates
recognizing word-order patterns

Met cognitive strategies are used by strategic listeners for the purpose of planning, monitoring as well as to evaluate their listening. It is decided in the plan whether a strategy would be good or not after which the effectiveness of the strategies is evaluated by monitoring the process. Evaluation is done by determining the fact whether the listener has actually comprehended the message or not and whether the strategies that have been selected are effective or not. For the purpose of extracting the meaning from a listening text, there are some steps that need to be followed.

The purpose of listening should be figured out, background knowledge should be shared to anticipate the listeners.

Just the identified purpose should be given importance while the rest should be ignored. Only the specific parts should be talked about so that the important ones stay in the minds of the listeners and they can easily recognize it in the future.

Strategies such as top-down and bottom-up strategies should be selected according to their appropriateness.
It is necessary to take feedback in order to know that the listener has well understood the real message of the speaker or the person who is conveying the message.

In the world today, technology is improving every second and people are coming up with novel gadgets as well as new technology that have a great impact on the media. Technology is playing a major role in the improvement of media however as everything has some pros and cons, even technology is associated with certain types of pros and cons (The Role of Information And Communication Technologies in Global Development 19). The purpose of mass media is to reach a large number of people, this term came into existence in 1920s and became popular when radio networks and circulation of newspapers and magazines began throughout the nation. Other forms of mass media are books as well as manuscripts that have been used by people for a very long time. There are many other mass distributors of news as well as various forms of entertainment through the television, newspapers, radio and the Internet, etc. The Internet consists of  blogs, message boards and video sharing options that are available for the users and this allows people to have exposure to things that had previously been restricted for people. There are some special characteristics of mass media and they are helping people to progress in the world today.

Purpose of media
    With the emergence of technology, mass media can be used for a variety of purposes i.e. for businesses as well as for social concerns. For businesses the mass media is used merely for advertising and marketing of goods and services while for social concerns, it can be used for giving a public message. For instance to use birth control pills in order to reduce the population in a country or to give a public message to the youth to stay away from smoking as it is injurious to health. Besides this, entertainment is another big factor for  which media is being used as people like to watch music shows, sports as well as movies and so media serves this purpose as well.

Characteristics of media
Although media has various advantages for everyone, however one of the greatest cons that technology has left on media is that it may convey any kind of message that may also be something that should not be told to the children or something that must not be told to a particular group of people. There are basically two forms of media i.e. the print media and the television and these are further divided into many other forms of media such as the television, movies, radio, Internet, newspapers, books and magazines, etc. All types of media are both good and bad in the interest of the people and this is where the role of technology in media is not being productive.

In the end, I would conclude by saying that everything should be controlled to a certain extent in order to prevent it from getting misused because misuse of anything leaves behind negative points and they are not just bad for an individual but they impact the overall society as well. For instance, parents freely allow their children to use the Internet and watch the television but nowadays children are very intelligent and inquisitive about things and due to peer pressure they might do things their friends are doing such as watching pornography, etc. Therefore, some controls should be kept by the government or higher  authorities to prevent misuse of media(Luckin 43).

The portrayal of the life of modern day Native Americans in this 30 days episode entitled Life on a Reservation, to my analysis, is quite accurate. Modernization has led to the caging of these people in a reservation, a place meant to give them a chance of re-living their native culture and re-establishing their connection with the land. But the reservation, as shown in the episode, sadly became a place where most of the residents are poor due to the lack of available jobs. Spurlock himself experienced this when he tried looking for a job during his stay in the reservation. Furthermore, the sheep he brought for the family on the first day was not only appreciated by the Denisons, the host family, for its cultural implications but also because it can be considered  good food  on the table considering their socio-economic situation.

    The episode showed a partially different perspective on Native Americans in comparison to the depictions in early Western-themed films. A Native American in these films is portrayed as a savage who needs to be tamed which is not evident in this episode because it actually showed civilized people such as Spurlock s host family. But the films  depiction of a Native American who is a spiritualist or a medicine man trying to bring old traditional cures into the modern world was featured in the episode particularly when Spurlock participated in a sweat ceremony with a medicine man.  

    In terms of Indian gambling, as these people are beginning to be stereotyped as casino players who make lots of cash in these kind of establishments, I think the episode somehow defeated this perception. Basically, it was shown that Native Americans in the reservation are poor people who can hardly find decent jobs. Interestingly, how is it possible that they can play in casinos with no money to talk of

    The image that Native American-inspired mascot nicknames given to sports teams want to portray is that of fierce people and warriors. This is a fair depiction, in that, once upon a time Native Americans were like this literally. Metaphorically speaking, they can still be considered as warriors, however, this time fighting poverty, alcoholism and even the extinction of their culture. Another way of looking at these nicknames is considering Native Americans as winners just as sports teams want to be considered. In a way, this might also be true because their fight against full assimilation is half-won if not more initially with the putting up of the reservation as it is a symbol of acknowledgement or recognition of their existence and the importance of preserving their heritage. 

    The episode shows an accurate presentation of a straight man s introduction to a majority-gay world. The culture shock experienced by a conservative, former youth minister and once a member of the military as he was introduced into this world is a natural reaction especially because his values are deeply Bible-rooted wherein he was taught all his life that being gay is wrong. As the shock wore off, the initial reactions of Ryan in which he was unaccepting, confused and even disgusted at times were not exaggerations. When one s values and beliefs are put into question in a situation such as this, the natural reaction is to fight to maintain them.

    Furthermore, the reaction of the members of the majority to the guests which is one of doubt, animosity and even hatred is also a clear and fair portrayal. When you are a part of a minority group discriminated upon and hated and one of the majority s members enter your territory, you either tend to mirror the treatment or show off to the representative in order to prove that the perceptions about them are wrong. The initial questions would be - what are you doing here what is the purpose of your visit should we treat you the way you treat us My humble opinion is that, these are also normal reactions.

    In terms of providing a fair context in which to evaluate the experiment, the episode did not fully cover this primarily because of the choice of the area. The San Francisco s Castro District is notoriously known as one of the gayest areas in the country. That choice alone is limiting because gay people are not fully represented in the area because there are areas in the country where there is limited acceptance of homosexuality affecting the way of life of gay people in said areas. Needless to say, a gay person acts differently when living in an area where all of the people there are gay as opposed to living in a place where there are straight people around. Thus, Ryan have not seen the whole picture.

    The traditional stereotype of homosexuals is given a twist in this episode. Homosexuality is perceived to be wrong and a sin, thus, all religions frown upon it. The  wholesomeness  of church services or sports does not fit in with the image attributed to homosexuals but this episode shows this side of them.  Here in this episode, we see gay friendly church services which is surprising and debunks this theory.  In addition, Ryan joined a gay sports team which is something that is not in harmony with the stereotypical view of gay people wherein they have always been attributed to deviant or criminal behavior and that they are rarely thought of engaging in a wholesome preoccupation such as sports. 

    Majority of movies portray gay characters as loud, colorful, flamboyant or dangerous. Media blames them for the rapid increase of AIDS and other sexually-transmitted diseases. Basically, homosexuals hold a negative image and somehow this episode  cleans  this image leading to the conclusion that homosexuals can indeed live a decent, if not wholesome,  life. Even Ryan s beliefs regarding this were affected as he was quoted saying in the end,  I guess the thing that I learned about myself was I really was falling into the stereotypes. I really was being more close-minded than I thought I was being, and I was making uninformed opinions about something I didnt know about. You know, you have to go and learn for yourself.

Many believe that watching television will lead to our eminent doom, while others argue that it is the element that brings sanity in a world of disorder and chaos. Television has brought changes into the lives it has touched, the impact of which cannot be quantified as either negative or positive. This in essence is the message beneath Charles Kennys article, Revolution in a Box. He refers to the change brought by television, and how its powers can be harnessed in a beneficial way.
Charles Kenny provides arguments in favor of how television has changed our lives. Television access will be in the grasp of 1 in 3 individuals by 2015, and it will be a bigger force than ever. India and Brail have proved that television can be the source of social change as well as providing a source of entertainment. He favors the television revolution as if its the catalyst for everything happening. He provides arguments how television shows that do not even make sense can also be used for the betterment of mankind.
He also mentions how the media can be bribed monopolized by governments. In this particular case he mentions the efforts of one such Peruvian government. He also gives a very good idea that how cultural imperialism can be imposed on the innocent minds of people, deeply effecting how they think. The CNN, Al Jazeera coverage of Iraq war was given as an example. CNN and BBC showed the world one side of picture, while Al Jazeera showed the other side of the picture. Well yes we will have a broader view of the whole story, but how many people had Al Jazeera back then
It should be questioned that what effects media globalization will bring on cultures of the world. The east is leaving its cultural norms and making its way towards the west. We see cowboys all over the world, is it just cowboys were everywhere in the world before or just the early signs of cultural homogenization.
In the not so distant future there will be a world where cultural differentiation will be difficult, and we will set our eyes on men of different races, but with a very similar nature. Though a healthy sign for world peace, but its cultural differentiation that makes us who we are, isnt it
Kenny argues that the role of television will increase as the access to television increases but we have to be aware of the ill effects that it may bring with itself. There has to be regulatory authorities and watchdogs to look into the proceedings, not only on national level but also on the international level. I would like to quote from Spiderman comics as I end this discussion.
With great powers comes great responsibility.

In her book, she mathematically explains how the drug companies lie by giving figures that does not exist so that they can cater for the costs of their advertising. They claim that it is very expensive to produce drugs so that they can account for their high prices. She opens our eyes by telling us that this is not the case as most of the research and development is done by the university and college students which are funded by the government. (Angell, 2005)
She says that in the market, there are slightly modified products which happen to have the same composition. Customers are therefore spending a lot of money on practically the same drug but different names. She says that because some of the drugs are easy and cheaper to manufacture, the market is filled with different types of drugs for high cholesterol and depression while it lacks some of the potential life saving drugs for diseases that are seriously affecting the third world countries. She also tells us of the high priced junkets that are offered to doctors. These are offered as educational opportunities and they are more than just bribes. These doctors are exploited by these companies into helping them come up with new brands of drugs. (Angell, 2005)
I find this book important as it gives us the reasons as to why we find most of the prescription drugs that are practically the same. Now I understand the reason as to why it takes very long to recover after taking some of these drugs. The reason is that even though one may be changing the drugs, there are chances that he or she is only changing the brand but the content is the same. The author has clearly given the reason as to why there only those drugs that cure only minor ailments while those other serious drugs are not found there. (Angell, 2005)
I find the fact that most of the drugs are expensive because lof of cost was incurred in the advertising very interesting. The reason is that I think that drugs need not to be advertised so that people can buy them. The main reason as to why we buy drugs is due to our sickness. Therefore I find it very interesting that these companies spend a lot of time and resources trying to persuade us to buy their drugs while we will only buy them when we are sick. This is not a reason enough to increase the prices of the drugs. In addition, it had never crossed my mind that the there are so many adverts concerning drugs and that they are all due to competition.
However, this is a very serious exposure and therefore it can be argued that the remedies that the author is giving might be referred to as abstract and timid. The proposal that she makes are not in a position to stop physician from accepting gifts, payments or even meals from the drug companies. Human health is a core factor to existence of mankind and therefore it should be taken with the seriousness that it deserves. I therefore feel that the author has taken this topic too lightly and that she should have provided more stunning recommendations which cater for all the loopholes that exists in this field.
These issues are directly related to the state of healthcare institutions especially in third world countries where they are filled with corruption and embezzlement. In these countries, we find that some of the doctors are not ethical. They work in government hospital and at the same time they have their own private hospital. This means that sometimes, they will take the drugs from the government hospitals and sell them in their private hospitals. In these countries, there are no laws that protect the public from these exploitations. This is a similar case as the one that is discussed by the author.
Apart from these third world countries being rampant with deadly diseases, the healthcare systems are not good at all. For instance, there has been increasing case of human trafficking that is taking place in the world today. Most of the trafficked organs are coming from these third world countries. I understand that in some countries, organs such as kidney are stolen where people are kidnapped, one kidney is removed and then the person is set free. These activities are conducted by professional doctors in legal hospitals. This is a clear indication of how desperately reforms are needed in these institutions. Doctors are turning unethical, embezzling community resources and at the same time using the hospital resources to conduct their criminal activities. These are the same issues discussed by the author in the book.