Communications and Media

Media practice is a modern approach to conduct communication process digitally and verbally and to understand the durability and purpose of communication. Media practice is also termed as methods of conducting successful communication through various means and mediums suitable to conduct effective communication with a mass and infinite audience. In the globalized world of today, an enormous amount of screen content is being displayed. There is a great deal of variety and versatility of screen contents in media of different states throughout of the world. A great deal of diversity in the media practice had attained different channels during a communication process. Audiences are now merely regarded as the consumer of media.  This paper aims to describe the effective media practice in Australian media. Furthermore, the paper also elaborates the importance of differentiations of the screen contents of the Australian media. The stylistics of the consumer or in other words the general audiences of Australian media have great impact by its screen content. In particular the paper is clearly based upon the media practice experience capturing my personal stylistics as a media consumer over one week. For the purpose of analysis of media practice and Australian screen contents, I have watched several content including an Australian movie Walkabout and Wake in Freight.

It has also been observed that a great deal of screen contents in Australian media are based upon reality shows and it has also been analyzed that a great deal of content is an overall result of evaluation of Australian screen contents, programs and enlisted programs have been imported from other media such as CIS, Desperate housewives etc (Cunningham  Turner, 2006).

Through the analysis of heavy Australian media contents over one week that included radio shows, Australian box office movies, most circulated newspaper and most visited web blog addresses.  Media practice over one week was a method to achieve positive grounds of understanding how media practice is bringing change in the diversity of Australian screen contents industries. It had been observed that the Australian media does not lack the talent of bringing the conception based media content but due to the fallacy in particular appointed approach towards media practice, it is being overshadowed by the influence of media from other states (Cunningham  Turner, 2006).

The industry of screen contents of Australian media is booming every hour as the media practice is being done on a broader medium. Media practice is not been credited by the industry of screen content industries and media professionals of Australian media but it is also being researched and is being practiced among different and varied disciplines of field work in media (Cunningham  Turner, 2006).

A great deal of changing is being observed in the field of media studies and its different prospects in terms of screen contents of Australian media. Media practice plays an eminent role in bring changes in the development of advertising strategies and media content. Most of the content of Australian media (covering newspaper, radio, television, and online blogs) are selling audiences to the advertisers.
Media practice had been observed to be changing quite quickly because a great deal of new type of content of Australian screen has been found. Media practice rejuvenates ideas and helps the media professional in implementing strategic approach towards a set of rules to discuss the impact of media and to capture the style of media consumer.

The institutions provided for media practice in Australia includes a great deal of motives to produce collective changes in the media awareness and education sector that simultaneously brought immense change in the Australian media screen content industry.

It is due to the awareness and deep concentration of media practice that the Australian media is widely performing more than the usual macro media functions. The important clauses of macro media functions are as follows
To educate
To Inform
To entertain
To interpret

Currently, Australian media covers a great deal of influence of abroad media and also has been successful in performing the function of selling a product by selling audience to the advertisers. Due to an immense amount of generation of screen contents in Australian media, it has been analyzed in a wide spectrum of media allocation brand selling through advertisement has also become an important function of Australian media. The benefits of performed functions of Australian media are not just limited to the media professionals but it also serves as a boom of Australian media in terms of revenue and renowned media processes (Jeffery, 2010).

Australian media content include a great deal of Australian ethos in almost all the aspects of Australian media. Media practice plays a vital role in the recognition of ones value and visual focus of ethos. For this purpose, the micro media functions are significantly responsible. The Australian medias content focuses on the stylistic of media consumers. For instance with the help of evaluation of Australian media contents over one week it could be said that Australian media screen contents are largely playing positive game in performing media functions. It is due to the fact that Australian media is full of professional who have a knowledgeable background of media practice (Turner, 1993).

The defensive account of media practices potential of bringing change in the screen contents industries of Australian media could be located and understood in a broader sense of selecting an Australian movie. The movie Walkabout and Wake in Freight is directed by Ted Kotcheff and is an Australian movie that greatly projects not just the storyline as entertaining prospects but also describes the significance of Australian ethos along with the generalities of micro and macro media through the context of the storyline of the movie. Jack Thompson made claim about the Australian movies that movies like Walkabout and Walk in Freight are able to communicate the national identity through different elements of movies (ORegan, 1996, p. 58).  Australian movies tend essentially include the description of qualities of Australian ethos and film makers hand in hand.

Moreover, Australian media screen contents have been divergent in the past because media practice was never strong before as if it is today. Currently the approach of the Australian media professionals and media towards capturing media customers style is through the help of contents such as imported ideas of abroad media and reality shows (ORegan, 1996, p. 222).

Through the above evaluation of Australian media screen content industry and media practice over one week of time it could be said that Australian media have been diversified with the help effective media practice. Australian media is currently working under the influence of abroad media but it had also been observed that Australian media is perform a great deal of macro and micro media functions that provides us with the prophecy that Australian media is capable of achieving key screen contents as its symbol.

Inventions in electronics technology have driven the improvement in mobile or wireless technology. The recent development in mobile devices and wireless technology also leads to mobile computing that leads to a paradigm shift from desktop computers to mobile devices. Recently, it is usual to find consumers using their Personal Digital Assistants (PDAs), smart phones, and notebooks that strengthen the facts that business has gone mobile so that the consumers can do all things over wireless gadgets the same with doing by desktop computer (Tse and Viswanath, 2005).

The attractiveness of mobile devices capability soon raises the number of cellular phones customers. This condition becomes issues for telecommunication companies and content providers to develop new killing applications besides voice communication that will increase the corporate revenue. The new application is data communication that comes in many forms.

Concerning the development of telecommunication technologies, this paper will discuss about the current state and probable futures of Wireless and Mobility. Some issues that will be addressed includes the evolving cellular technologies (2.5, 3rd  4th generation networks) disruptive technologies including WIFI (I.E.E.E.802.11), and WiMAX.

Literature Review Trends in Wireless Technology Mobility and Mobile Commerce
Telecommunications has become one industry that grows at a breakneck speed. In the 20th century, development that relates to communication businesses is simply unstoppable and unpredictable. Prior to the new millennium, total telecommunication revenues in United States alone were in excess of 260 billion. As we enter the new millennium, there were more than 100 million mobile wireless subscribers in the United States alone. The significant growth was contributed by new applications such as the wireless telephone and the internet (Mun, 2002).

Figure 1 The growth of global mobile subscribers
Source 3G, 2005

In many cases, investing emerging technology can result great future benefits as the technology become the new platform of future communication products and services. The right choice of technology will create sustainable competitive advantage, first-to-market benefits, operational efficiencies, industry recognition, etc. one characteristic that is unquestionably important in the future of telecommunication is mobility. Figure 1 shows the growing number of mobile customers, which highlight the key features of telecommunication, is mobility. In addition, figure 2 shows several developments of technologies that highlight the mobility features.

Figure 2 Mobility and transmission speed of wireless systems
Source Kazama, 2006

Such development is attractive since telecommunication carriers are trying to increase customers usage on data communication into significant figure. There are various ways to reach the objective such as introducing several contents like mobile comics, games etc. Fortunately, the development of advanced 3G-based data services like cast by the famous NTT DoCoMo in Japan support the introduction of new applications such as mobile commerce (M-Commerce).

Figure 3 Wi-Fi uses in short range area
Source Evans, Martin, and Poatsy, 2010

Figure 3 shows the popular Wi-Fi or hotspot area that can be established by individual users to connect to internet. Meanwhile Figure  4 shows that the needs for mobility features has spawn many inventions like Bluetooth, Wi-Fi that serves as wireless LAN etc. Wi_Fi itself come in many features each has specific characteristics such as maximum range, speed of transmission, that is why 802.11 technologies come in many standardization from 802.11a, 802.11b, to 802.11n (Evans, Martin, and Poatsy, 2010).

Figure 3 Mobility is Key Features in Future Telecommunications
Source A2, 2008

Fortunately, as telecommunication technology grows, some of the above technical problems can be alleviated in suitable manner. However, the others still become challenges that industry must deal with to speed up the technology adoption especially those relate to social and cultural issues.

Body Futures of Wireless Technology
Within the past few years, telecommunication industry starts looking at some emerging technologies that have potential to replace current technology. This is also important for corporations to find appropriate technology that has long lifetime so that the company can minimize replacement costs due to the equipments become obsolete before they reach their economical value. In addition, the future equipment should also capable of delivering various kinds of information that the company intends to deliver to customers (voice, data, and video).

Some technologies that might become concerns of company are WIMAX. Currently, WIMAX become the center of attention of most carriers worldwide due to their advantages over current access technology including 2G, 3G, xDSL, and Wi-Fi (Wireless FidelityHot Spot).

WIMAX stands for Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access is a broadband wireless technology that enables carriers like Indosat to provide end customers with direct high-speed connection up to 70  HYPERLINK httpen.wikipedia.orgwikiBits_per_second o Bits per second Mbits (shared data rates) within the range up to 50 km theoretically (non line of sight) although some vendors report that it reaches 30 km in range. The benefit of using WIMAX is their ability to complement with the existing network technologies (2G, 3G, and DSL).

In addition, WIMAX technology also offers customers with the benefits of wireless technology in which it enables customers to move from one apartment to another apartment as long as WIMAX signal covers it.

Figure 4 Network Design in WIMAX system
Conclusions
Globalization has brought new trends and new ways of doing business. Because of the internet and other telecommunication technology, people do not see distance the same way anymore. In the increasingly global business environments, e-commerce and e-business has been an increasingly common way of eliminating distance and expand market shares.

Concerning the development of telecommunication technologies, this paper has elaborated the discussion about the current state and probable futures of Wireless and Mobility. Some issues that will be addressed includes the evolving cellular technologies (2.5, 3rd  4th generation networks) disruptive technologies including WIFI (I.E.E.E.802.11), and WiMAX.

Communication and networking in todays world is one of the most important factors of interaction. It is used for business purpose and on daily basis almost millions of people communicate with each other via cell phones, internet and other means of communication all over the world. Technology is every where and is rising at a rapid pace and when we talk about technology the use of computer is the highest priority of any work and therefore it is also the most used mean of communication. E-mailing and networking done through the computers is regarded as the fastest and most reliable mean of communication and networking while cell phones take the second place (Kartalopoulos, 2009).

So, when there are advantages of these means of communication and networking there lays a threat of security. Computer crime has taken a serious attention of all the people as hacking and other theft are being committed very easily through internet and security measures to protect the users is being considered as a task every company and organization is looking forward to. So in this line of work of networking and communication a network security group is made which either provides certain respective software or performs a regular check. It contains all the required information used in computer network setup and the rules made by the certain organization to avoid interference by any unauthorized user (Panko, 2009).

This paper will talk about the security measures taken by the users and companies to avoid any unfair use of communication and networking and how much importance this certain field has in business, industrial and management sector.

Literature Review
When the first case of hacking came on cover, the company owners got worried of the fact that this might lead to the disclosing of the organizations secret of success. Therefore immediate actions were taken by providing the people with passwords and keys that could only be used as long as the user was in a certain location but this too didnt had any effect and ultimately the use of internet for communication made it easy for the hackers to misuse it. Not only the companies but the local people who use internet for communication and networking purpose are affected the most by this as the data or profile information can be used against the person or any crime can be committed very easily (Kartalopoulos, 2009).

Therefore networking security has furnished its features and many new anti viruses, anti spams and spyware are being introduced in market at an affordable rate and also free trial versions so that the user might know the difference by using the security product. This has helped a lot in providing protection against the network crimes but still there is a lot of risk of its misuse (Panko, 2009).

People need to understand the reason that computers in todays age mean a lot to them being a computer literate and understanding all the basics is the key to the communication process. All the software, applications and programs that provide management and teachings of the PCs security should be known to the user, proper use of internet and information about malware is compulsory. A user should definitely know how to create a safe back-up for the data on the hard disk so that the retrieval should be easy in case of damage or virus attack. Hackers are not merciful to the users and they would tend to destroy the machine through viruses unless the user has fully prepared and maintained the computer (Evans, Poatsy  Martin, 2009).

Communication and Network Security
The true success of a company lies on its security plans of communication and networking. There are a lot of ways in which people can provide the security o the data and networking with one of the goals being the fact of appointing a head person who should over view all the security processes and a back up plan should be made just incase of miscalculations. As mentioned this problem of communication and networking crime cannot be solved as there are many professional hackers who break into the latest and the most advanced security system causing havoc all over the networking setup (McNab, 2007).

Therefore the chance of being a victim increases as the employees can be affected by viruses and other malware at offices and homes. So the companies should provide free software to all the users in the company as every data and information is necessary for the workers and this prevents the virus transmission in any company. Anti viruses that are cheap or the ones which have a trial for a certain period should be used in the computers and they should consist of malware and spam detector because nowadays Trojan horse worms are affecting all the PCs and technological devices all over the world. They can slow down the systems performance and might lead to the loss of important files or might even lead to the spying of data. The internet security package of anti viruses is the best choice as it even performs check of virus while visiting any website and if the website is not safe it either doesnt open it or asks for the permission after informing about the threat (Maiwald, 2003).

The other very used and so far effective method is of firewall system which allows the user to surf the network or communicate with out a lot of risk however certain flaws are involved in this protection too as hacking can be done even if the firewall is on. Also a few software require the firewall to be turned off, thus increases the chances of threats. The experts in providing network security emphasize on the fact that all the people should be made aware of the hazards of the networking crimes and they should get trained to identify the forms of viruses and not accessing the e-mail attachments with out scanning. The forms of malware and worms should be shown through presentations so that they might get familiar not only at work but at homes too (Kaeo, 2004).

The providing of PIN codes and passwords is the advice given by most of the experts and quite a lot of experts have agreed to this point that the company should reset and change the password from time to time so that if some one gets the hold of a code it should not respond. Also the people should know how to deal in the situation if they come across the communication and networking security threat and they should know the proper working of the respective anti virus the system is running on. There should not be any out dated version of software as the updates are done according to the threats and security measures because some users continue to use old versions and are unfamiliar about the threats when the PC is infected (Evans, Poatsy  Martin, 2009).

All the applications in a firm depend upon the networking and communication procedures, the better the interaction the better he results so many industrial protocols are involved like F5 which provides total firewall protection, guards the web functionality, doesnt interfere with other running software and fulfilling all the requirements needed by the networking protocols like FTP and HTTP. These methods increase safety unlike other firewalls which are closed due to requirement of other software (Kaeo, 2004).

Conclusion
The communication through a network is assured once the user gets the required information but security is needed every where in all the fields of work. Anti viruses, firewalls, training programs and malware detectors are some of the ways through which protection can be given to the systems communication and networking setup. All the users should know how to use these software and supervision should be done from time to time. Data and information is very important and every one is responsible for its security and protection.

Many programs featured on modern day television today revolve around the game show concept. Before the advent of reality television shows, game shows were the only type of program that maintained a viewer-audience interactive format. Moreover, many of us grew up watching such popular game shows as The Price Is Right, Wheel Of Fortune and Supermarket Sweep. But, what really is a game show By definition, agame showis specific format of radio ortelevision programin which participants engage in some form of challenging game.Most commonly, the format will involve answering questions or solving problems with the end goal being the receipt of a monetary reward. The participants can be randomly picked people or celebrities, individuals, or teams. On most game shows, participants will compete against other players or teams. Of course, there will also be game shows involving contestants playing solo for prizes or monetary compensation.

Game shows often reward players with prizes such as cash, trips andgoods or servicesprovided by the network or show sponsors. The concept of the television game show derives from similar programs that one aired onthe radio. The very first television game show,1938s Spelling Bee, was the forefather of all modern game shows. A multitude of games shows have existed since the dawn of the television era. Prior to the quiz show scandals in 1958 no differentiation existed between quiz shows and game shows. Programs such as Truth or Consequences or People Are Funny that relied mainly on physical activity and had no significant quiz element to them were called quiz shows. (Hoerschelmann) One would assume that such a simple concept would not prove popular. However, there were great limitations as to what could be done with television technology during the 1940s and 1950s. So, the simplicity and cost effectiveness of game shows made them perfect fodder for the networks. The rags to riches tales of the contestants also proved wildly appealing which is why game shows grew in popularity almost immediately after their debut.

With the rise of the popularity of the television as a communication medium, the impact of these game shows on the audiences has increased significantly over time. Thus, this research paper will be looking at how media messages from game shows affect and bring about changes in peoples thoughts, emotions, behaviors, and attitudes. Specifically, this paper will examine how American game shows have been promoting unhealthy consumer behavior through employing certain persuasive techniques, designed to increase consumer spending.

There have been over 700 American game shows that aired in the United States over the years. Moreover, about 40 shows from that list are currently on-air of which two-thirds are Reality Game shows. Reality Game Shows have been discounted from our research paper due to its ubiquitous nature and subtle nature of in-build promotions.

Nevertheless, we have picked a list of five American game shows that we will restrain the scope of this research paper to - Shopping Spree, Lets Make a Deal, The Price is Right, Bargain Hunters, Supermarket Sweep. The goal here is to study the success of the game show and discover how media concepts can be manipulated in order to affect viewers. This can raise consciousness to be more aware of possible media tactics.

In game shows like The Price is Right, Supermarket Sweep and Lets Make a Deal, the endorsement of consumerism may be difficult to detect. Made ambiguous by a game plot, the advertising elements of these shows are usually not consciously recognized by the audience during the viewing. Yet in the game show Lets Make a Deal, when certain products are glorified as legitimate prizes while others are labeled as Zonks  unwanted booby prizes, there is clearly positive publicity for some of those commercial products categorized as legitimate prizes. Viewers can proceed to make powerful associations between desirability and these products. This is true even though there is a lack of thorough consideration given to the products actual strengths. By simply conferring a media created status on the products, the game show effectively persuades its viewers through the peripheral route that the products it showcases are highly desirable in society, thus encouraging the mindless consumption of it.

Game shows also promote consumerism by promoting excessive consumption. In the show Supermarket Sweep, contenders grab products indiscriminately from store shelves. Although it is not explicitly encouraged, viewers may be influenced to pick up the habit of consuming without control. Such behavior entails buying products without carefully considering their need for them. The habitual act of sweeping products off the shelf convinces viewers that it is an acceptable behavior to consume in large qualities. This is not a positive attitude as the fervor of indulging in a spending spree can negatively influence the viewers on a subconscious level. Much of this can potentially be attributed to the origins of consumption in American society after World War II. Many believe that the affluence afforded to a population that suffered enormously under the Great Depression led to an extreme desire to consume. (Will) There is a semblance of credibility to this assessment. When examining such sentiments, it becomes believable that such notions contributed to the popularity of game shows which are a grand peon to consumerism. Additionally, when these game shows wallow in exhibiting consumer products, a sense of inadequacy is generated in the viewer. This leads to a need to increase their material wants.

Some game shows will even promote the notion that consumers memorize the prices of products that are frequently purchased. This means that it attributes to the reliability of the game shows because of their prior knowledge of the product. Thus, there is a hindsight bias when the participants are playing the game. Price recall, price recognition, and deal recognition. These are the 3 steps that each participant keeps in mind when in the game. In other words, when the item is shown, the instant reaction would be trying to recall the price of the product. After remembering the price, they recognize and assimilate the price to the product to make the deal which is what will allow the final decision to be made on the item. While this program has appeared in different incarnations over the years, it peaked in popularity in the 1970s. (In The 70s) The reason is that the gaudy nature of the program was akin to the sensibilities of the Me Generation which was an era that saw a remarkable rise in pro-consumerism attitudes.

In all the games shows, the power of the source is very influential as it is made in a way that the audiences are subconsciously persuaded easily because of credibilitypeople are easily influenced by things that are deemed as reliable, expertisethe person endorsing the product to be of someone who has personally experienced it, and trustworthinesswhere the participant, based on their own judgment, decides whether the persons word can be trusted.

Critiques on day time television game shows also explains that the game show The Price is Right demonstrates feminine competence as it encourages women to reveal their qualities similar to that of a housewife. The article also mentioned that the audience are easily influenced because the game show as a game metaphor, where home viewers gain satisfaction by accurately guessing the price of the product, thus allowing them to have the mentality that they are good at the show, and also be a contestant to the program.

Some may wonder what the problem is with what the game shows are putting forth. They may state that such programs are little more than fluff entertainment and should not be taken seriously. Assumptions may also be made towards the notion that the impact of such programming is harmless. That is, consumer decisions are not motivated to a significant degree. This really is not an accurate assessment at all. A game show, in many ways, acts as a stealth infomercial. The totality of the program revolves around winning prizes or acquiring consumer or material wealth. A certain segment of the audience may very well develop an addiction to consumption due to watching such programming.

It is also important not to lose sight of the fact a large segment of the audience is children. The lighthearted and whimsical nature of many game shows appeals to children. Since childrens minds are not completely developed, they will absorb the consumerism of the game shows to a great degree. In short, their impressionable minds are saturated with images and messages telling them to buy.

The impact of excessive consumerism can be significant. People can find themselves in great debt trying to remain modern and with the times through making excessive purchases. That is why the imagery of consumerism in game shows should always be taken seriously since it can have serious consequences on an audience that is bombarded with such messages.

This is certainly not a call to regulate game shows or provide viewer warnings. Rather, it is designed to inform people that one needs to be aware of the consumer and consumption imagery in games shows. By being aware of their presence, the ability to be influenced by them might be effectively diminished.

Societies have grown accustomed to rely on information and communication to aid in its growth and development. For most people, they depend on these to keep moving according to what is believed to be the right direction and to continue to do their daily activities such as their personal relationships with other people, healthcare, education and the like. Everyday decisions and common beliefs are based on the information relayed by mass communication. Much of what men do today are controlled by what the media wants us to be aware of or wants us to know. Because of the growth of technology, a mean for communicators to address their information to a large group of people, information are passively consumed by everyone. Flow of information and ideas have become the driving force of a society.

Meaning of information is made, circulated and regulated by the mass media. Mass media manipulates the society to think about what is right. Moreover, media provides a central site for defining social position and status which is very apparent in every society today. Media becomes a factor for social stratification as it is controlled by those whom are in power.

In the book The Media and Cultural Production, Eric Louw (2001) viewed the process of how cultural production affects society in a macroscopic view. Cultural production is seen as the information that eventually moulds the beliefs of the society. Louw explained that the creation of meaning is the product of what mass communicators wish to address to everybody. Meaning-making are dependent on the people with power or the power elites such as those who are in the position to carry legitimate information by reputation. Moreover, these are people who have access to resources or occupy a social position known by most people in the society. Louw believed in the hegemonic process of mass communication wherein meaning is delivered by those who have the power with the help of interest groups. This process presents to be less hierarchical compared to other mass media models as it is considers the constantly shifting of power based on the meaning that is being conveyed. Each meaning have to be built to the people and maintained by reputation. Meaning making eventually becomes the function of people working within institutionalized sites who have been trained for the purpose of mass production of professional communication (Louw, 2001). As the number of professional communicators increase and with the help of technology, people or the masses have become passive receivers of meanings made by others.

Louw (2001) also stated that shifts in power are results of contradictions made by other groups and circumventions. Since meaning is relative to every society, relational shifts cannot be prevented. A permanent control over a specific meaning is impossible as meaning is continuously challenged by others whom wish to take control. An example for the shifts in power over meaning and over people is are those running for the Presidentiable elections. Political figures running for the title of a President would be most apt to explain Louws idea of mass communication because they possess power or status over other people which they use to persuaded others. Their process of promoting their ideas shows a struggle for power to create meaning of what a good president would be like. Meaning, therefore, tends to change almost continuously and is power is shifted between the competing presidentiables. Meanwhile, the citizens of the country act as the masses or the audience for mass communication. Technology, such as newspapers, fliers, television appearances, and radio interviews, provides several means for those running for elections to address their concerns. Because of the overwhelming means of mass production people become the passive receivers of their meaning. In one hand, there is an increase number of opportunity for power elites to manipulate the dominated people and reduce space for other people to think. On the other hand, these power elites and mass producers become agenda setters or elites who tell people what to think about. They are the ones who trends or mainstream information for others.

In the aspect of law-making, they are made by people in legislative position. They produce meaning thru the use of mass media. These laws are believed to be what is dutiful of a person within a country and following one would be the most acceptable act to do. Otherwise, there will be penalty.

Those in power use the basic need of man of sharing common process and information. Through mass media, it enables the ability to present ideas and information in order to manipulate what a society should believe. It enables those in power to communicate with the population of people in a more convenient manner. Eventually, it controls what people should believe as these information are flooded by mass media.

Early this year, China banned James Camerons blockbuster animated film Avatar.  Western media outlets condemned China for favoring the movie Confucius over the Golden-Globe winner.  But a film that seems to mimic Adolf Hitlers bisexual fantasy and obsession for the supremacy of the Aryan or Indian race seems to be enough to ban it.  Similar animated films were created during World War II that depicted certain stereotypes.  Some people think that they are all harmless.  But subconsciously, they devour childrens minds and teach them negative stereotyping.  Therefore, films should be changed or banned if it exposes modern audiences to old stereotypes because it is harmful to society.

Warner Brothers produced numerous racist films during World War II that portray negative stereotypes.  In 1943, Warner Brothers Coal Black and de Sebben Dwarfs parodied Walt Disneys Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs. It depicts a young coal black girl whose name is So White, searching for Prince Chawmin.  Shes up against an evil black queen who hires the services of Murder, Inc. which exterminates midgets for half the price and Japs for free.  But she meets seven black midget soldiers from the army who save her from the queens poisoned apple using a military secret after Prince Chawmin failed to revive her with a kiss.

But they are not the only ones depicted as freak fighters.  Hiawathas Rabbit Hunt (1941) portrays a Native American or American Indian as an evil dumb hunter.  Bugs Bunny parodies his dance steps and ridicules his intelligence, eventually escaping from him.  At the end of the day, he paddles into the sunset empty-handed while Bugs imitates his accent and traditional stories.  But he suddenly returns to shore and gives Bugs a gay kiss.

Warner Brothers Jungle Jitters (1938) also depicts African natives like circus performers or carnival clowns and freaks.  They rob a Western door-to-door salesman and attempt to cannibalize him for lunch.  But he is saved by the natives queen, an old white woman desperate for a husband.  After she forces marriage on him, he quickly runs away and jumps into the natives cauldron, preferring to be cannibalized than to be married to what seems to be an environmentalist.
            
Warner Brothers Tokio Jokio (1943) also portrays the Japanese as military freaks and clowns.  Japanese news announces new technologies first, a new air raid siren, which is actually two spectacled and buck-toothed men kicking or pushing each others buttocks to mimic an air raid siren.  Then, their listening post is another buck-toothed man listening to several key holes on a post.  Their aircraft spotter is actually a man who paints leopard-like spots on their planes.  And their Fire Prevention Headquarters are burned to the ground.  An incendiary bomb, which is not supposed to kill someone, blows up a Japanese man.  It also makes fun of Japanese cooking, fashion and sports.

Admiral Yamamoto is also shown in stilts due to his shortness.    It also shows some foreign news from Germany.  Adolf Hitler is shown receiving a postcard from Rudolf Hess in a prison camp, wishing he were there.  And from Italy, Roman ruins depict a ruined Italian military officer, perhaps Mussolini.  Going back to the Japanese navy, a submarine under construction prematurely runs under the sea and crashes.  Then, a plane is launched from an aircraft carrier using a wooden sling shot.  A planes landing gear shows a man on a bicycle, and the aircraft carrier is shown in ruins.  The navy mine sweeper is then depicted with a mechanical hand and broom sweeping mines that finally explode on it.

If children watch these cartoons, they will learn to be racists.  They will think that all blacks, Native Americans or Asians are that way.  Childrens brains absorb information like sponges and unlike adults, they cannot truly distinguish yet which information to accept or reject.  This mind set will continue even when they become adults, and it will be difficult to remove or fix later.

Unfortunately, even today, similar films are still being shown.  Some of Cartoon Networks animations actually show the Chinese as evil tyrants who want to dominate the whole world.  And lately, the movie Avatar depicts Asian Indians symbolically through their blue mother goddess Kali.  They are shown to be helpless until a white soldier transforms himself like a transsexual into their kind and attempts to save them by killing other whites.  Some internet blogs (St.Michael, 2010) describe Avatar, derived from the Indian word avatara, as a depiction of Hitlers bisexual fantasy.  Some historians like Lothar Machtan describe him as a repressed homosexual.  He narrates this in his book Hitlers Secret The Double Life of a Dictator.  Hitler also hailed the supremacy of the Aryan race (the Indian word for noble or spiritual) and used the Indian female swastika as the official emblem of the Nazi party.  (Camerons movie calls the blue Kali-like creatures as Navi like Nazi.)  And after sending a Nazi team to Tibet to discover their Aryan roots, his Nazis go back to Europe and destroy their fellow white Europeans.  Hitlers story seems to be very similar to Camerons Avatar, and China banned it in favor of the movie Confucius, which teaches good morals and right conduct to the Chinese people.  Later, CNN reported that Avatar causes depression and suicidal thoughts.  This is probably one of the reasons why it didnt win anything except for the technical awards in the Oscars.  The judges probably saw more than what ordinary folks or the Golden Globe saw.

In the end, the government should create media laws to protect the people from harmful films.  While Chinas actions may be viewed by some as censorship, it is actually sensible.

Thesis Journalism should not be limited to men only. Photo-Journalist Margaret Bourke-White disproves the ideas of E.A. Bennett. Any profession in this new age, is now acceptable for women. E.A. Bennets Practical Guide is now obsolete in this modern age. His theory maybe acceptable in the 30s but not in the 21st Century. Nowadays, we have great women leaders, women scientists, etc, and terminologies when pertaining to women must be gender-sensitive.

E.A. Bennett raised the following points and reiterated these in his Practical Guide The points raised were First, women fail to appreciate the importance of  the maxim business is business second, that women gives inattention to detail and third that women, lack of restraint.

Photo-Journalist, Margaret Bourke-White is the first female  HYPERLINK httpen.wikipedia.orgwikiWar_correspondent o War correspondent war correspondent and the first woman to be allowed to work in combat zones during  HYPERLINK httpen.wikipedia.orgwikiWorld_War_II o World War II World War II. In 1941, she traveled to the  HYPERLINK httpen.wikipedia.orgwikiSoviet_Union o Soviet Union Soviet Union just as  HYPERLINK httpen.wikipedia.orgwikiGermany o Germany Germany broke its pact of non-aggression. She was the only foreign photographer in  HYPERLINK httpen.wikipedia.orgwikiMoscow o Moscow Moscow when German forces invaded. Taking refuge in the U.S. Embassy, she then captured the ensuing firestorms on camera. served as an accredited war correspondent affiliated with both LIFE and the Air Force. She survived a torpedo attack on a ship she was taking to North Africa and accompanied the bombing mission which destroyed the German airfield of El Aouina near Tunis. She later covered the Italian campaign (recorded in the book They Called It Purple Heart Valley) and was with General George Patton in spring 1945 when his troops opened the gates of the concentration camp at Buchenwald. Her photos revealed the horrors to the world.

Today, there are several women-journalists and all of them have proven their worth. Bennetts article is written in a male perspective and stereotypes women. It is not also politically correct to say women journalists why not say journalists be they male or female. Bennets guide is not gender sensitive, even his choice of words is so sexist. Another point is that when he mentioned about having to know people in the industry to get the job, that is not fair, women are there because they have the skills and intelligence. When he mentioned about the special correspondent getting the assignment simply because she was the editors wife is so sexist and prejudiced to women.

I strongly disagree if we were to compare the works of Bourke -White and  Ernie Pyle. Both works gives us a clear picture of the war. In Purple Heart Valley, Bourke White explicitly explained what a Nebelwerfer is, so this contradicts the statement of Bennet in his Practical Guide that women give inattention to details.

If we are to study the life of Margaret Bourke-White we would say that Bennett was totally wrong in his Practical Guide specially when he said women lack restraint that women are too soft in their literary style by using italics, this we did not see in Bourke-Whites novel. The famous photo-journalist has a strength of character as opposed to the category of women-journalist written by Bennett. During World War II Bourke-White served as an accredited war correspondent affiliated with both LIFE and the Air Force. She survived a torpedo attack on a ship she was taking to North Africa and accompanied the bombing mission which destroyed the German airfield of El Aouina near Tunis. She later covered the Italian campaign (recorded in the book They Called It Purple Heart Valley) and was with General George Patton in spring 1945 when his troops opened the gates of the concentration camp at Buchenwald. Her photos revealed the horrors to the world. If the photos of Margaret Bourke-White showed us the realities of war then we would say Bennett is wrong. Bourke-White even survived a torpedo attack in the Mediterranean she was strafed in Luftwaffe and even got stranded on an Arctic island. She even survived a helicopter crash in Chesapeake, and was known to all the Life Magazine staff as indestructible.

They said she was one of the most effective chroniclers thus this would contradict again Bennett when he said that women do not pay attention to details, in Purple Valley Heart, the stories were vivid, the story was more graphic that Ernies War where it was written on a first person and that the reader is brought back to where the war occurred, how it was written made the reader feel that as if experiencing the war itself, as compared to Ernies War where it was in narrative form but not as graphic as Purple Heart Valley.

Thus, women can be at par with men in chronicling war, in fact, Bourke-White was more effective than Pyle. When he posed the question that women are less accomplished journalist than men, this is not true. Both works are comparable, and Purple valley Heart even surpassed the literary style of Ernies War.

In terms of style and syntax, I would say Bennetts judgment is not fair to all women-journalist. Whatever his contentions are, it is far from obsolete in this new age.