Communications and Media

Even in the early times, core-periphery relationships between and among nations already existed.  This relationship was exhibited by powerful and weaker sovereignties as brought about by rulers aspiring for political and economic power.  The greater land conquered, the more resources, the better.  During the early 13th century, the world powers were China, Egypt, India, Italy, and Iraq while it was the European countries, advancing in technological weaponry and warfare, which headed the 14th and 15th centuries.  The latter era was termed imperialism  the world domination by France, Spain, Portugal, and Netherlands.  One thing is common among all the established colonies  all were important trading points for their corresponding world powers.  Mercantilism was a motivation as Spains greatness was allied to the wealth of American colonial mines, Portugals to East Indian Trade, and Hollands colonies (Moon, 1962, p 11).

Core-periphery relationship between and among nations can be characterized by mutual benefits.  A colonizer can have access to cheap raw materials such as cotton, rubber, and others for its growing industries found in a particular colony (Kamalipour, 2001, p 40).  The latter also served as captive markets for selling finished products.  In return, colonies generally derive security and military support from their colonizers.  New and improved ways of living can also be imparted to the colonies as the powers exercise political, social, economic, and cultural customs.

Colonial power and control is established in the weaker countries firstly by means of brute force.  This is explicitly described as gaining respect through intimidation and fear.  A major feature of global political relations was the concept of power politics  foreign policy, standing and conscript armies drawn from politically mobilized populations, and the balance of military power between member states as an operating principle (Agnew, 1987, p 220). 

A more subtle but effective method is by education of the native elites as well as the masses.  Natives were oriented in the colonizers ways  spoke their tongue, attended their schools and learned their habits of mind, and were given positions in the hierarchy (Kamalipour, 2001, p 40).  The strategy of divide and conquer also applies wherein certain native customs, traditions, and philosophies are manipulated according to the colonizers advantage.  It was also a practice of not granting administrative positions to locals because of the fear of opposition and revolt. 

A concrete example is the British Empire.  It was once very powerful, controlling over a quarter of the earths population that spread across a quarter of the earths land.  The colonies included the Empire of India, governed by the East India Company until 1858.  The company maintained political power in India through the Indian communities princes who advocated for British ideologies and ways of living.  Mutuality is espoused by the two such that the natives gained financial and economic influence in exchange of their advocacy.  Force and the divide and conquer method were exercised by the British Empire towards India, i.e. the caste system, which divided peoples into classes, was manipulated and thus, became instrumental in asserting British dominance.

PRESENTDAY CORE THE US
The US has been regarded as an active participant in the global economic and political affairs, affecting most developed and developing countries either implicitly or explicitly.  Since the 70s, most Americans feel that there is a sense of mission in them.  They believe that they are responsible for making the world over in an American image (Agnew, 1987, p 219).  The missions to safeguard American property or protect the lives of American citizens living in a specific country or just simply bring order brought about by inability of authorities to govern (Kaufman, 1976, p 28) have resulted to the constant inclination of expansionism (again) either implicitly or explicitly.  The US evolved into an independent state as a result of the move towards European economic nationalism or mercantilism wherein ambitious rulers sought power and wealth overseas. 

In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, like today, the US did not usually exercise direct political control over Latin America (particularly Central America) but rather exercised considerable political influence (Kaufman, 1976, p 25).  The US established a stronghold on Latin America through the provision of generous funds.  Yugoslavia was granted two billion dollars for ten years until 1961 (Kaufman, 1976, p 26).  However, there is an evidence of disproportion of foreign aid versus the income derived by the US from these countries.  In other cases, the US provides financial aid to less developed countries by means of another relatively more developed country.  This is the case of Ecuador, which is in conflict with the US, but receives aid from the latter through other Latin American countries like Brazil and Mexico.

The US also maintained military control over some areas like Haiti, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Nicaragua, and Panama by establishing North American troop bases.  The margin of political security upheld was such that there is a restriction in the freedom of governance and rights execution within the satellite countries.  According to Kaufman (1976), the security, which is defined by four factors like global situation, superpower internal characteristics, subjugated region characteristics, and national level, is targeted to further the colonies dependency tendencies (31).  One concrete example is the execution of control through various government agencies like the Pentagon, Department of State, Treasury, Senate Committees, the White House, the CIA, and the likes (Kaufman, 1976, p 39).

The US started to show interest in expansion in the early 19th century.  This was exhibited towards Latin America.  Cuba, Dominican Republic, Puerto Rico, Panamas Canal Zone, and others were being eyed upon by then US Presidents like Jefferson and Grant.  Exploitation of the each countrys resources is observed as foreign investors are compensated well as opposed to the native population. 

ROLE OF COMMUNICATION AND TRANSPORTATION IN US EMPIRE
Today, with the onset of electronic imperialism, geographic barriers are negligible in terms of communication and transportation.  The telegraph and the railway system became obsolete means as these were once the trendsetters in the 18th century.  The television and mass media are very powerful tools in the world of communication, specifically as the world powers dominate and maintain dominance over other countries. 

Successful international news coverage by the US is brought about by communication satellites as well as miniaturized electronic newsgathering equipment.  However, issues on the need for cultural privacy are at hand as erosive outside influences can have effects on a particular culture (Schiller, 1974, p 71).

In the US, television provides a window on the world with the three major networks at work  ABC, CBS, and NBC (Larson, 1984, p 1).  It has been a trend to stress the global or worldwide nature of each networks news through its banner programs or headlines ABCs (dubbed as Uniquely Qualified to Bring You the World) World News Tonight, The CBS Evening News, and NBC Nightly News.

As communication influences political dominance so does national politics on televisions use of satellite technology.  As the US covers exclusive videos or news from other countries, specifically the third world countries, they are demanded of a list of un-embarrassing topic or subjects to be covered before issuing visas to a television news team (Larson, 1984, p 4).  The costs of satellites and other gadgets are likewise dictated by national politics.  Reducing satellite costs meant more efficient interactive and planning processes for news producers and reporters.  Decreasing satellite tariffs and the proliferation of earth stations around the world also made it easier for them (Larson, 1984, p 5).  Up-to-the-last-minute news can be delivered to every home through reliable, broadcast-quality satellite channels around the world. 

CONCLUSION
The terms of colonial control and expansion are the same.  For the British and US empires, methods include brute force, military troops, divide and conquer, education, etc.  These have been constants the only variable is the strategic means of how to penetrate and influence the other countries through financial aid and other forms of support.

Technological advancement in communication and transportation are very important means of establishing influence and control in other (weaker) countries.  For the US, bringing the evening news to a third world country wherein certain national beliefs and philosophies are incorporated is crucial.  And for the foreigners to strut around the local communities of other countries is like virtually co-existing with them, hence influences in culture is easier and accessible.

The countries are always aiming for development and colonial control is like a race for all  the strongest, most advanced and technologically equipped country leads the weaker countries.  The trend has always been to stand out from the rest of the world, become the core while the others just assume the role of the peripheries.  The definition of colonial control in modern times slightly deviates from that of the pre-modern one because of technological advancement in communication and transportation. 

Political correctness is the communal tyranny that came up in 1980s. The purpose was to forbid by law the then legal ideas, behavior and expressions. It also required that those who transgressed be punished. The main aim of erupting political correctness was to prevent offending people such as the lame, homosexuals, women, non-whites and the mentally impaired, among others. Political correctness started with few individuals but it later grew in popularity into both written as well as unwritten law in the community. Trying to restate the vital importance of plain talking is to attempt to point out the horrible nature of political correctness. Political correctness is just the antipathy of spoilt children who are against the values of their parents (Atkinson, n.d).

Freedom of expression is a phrase used to refer to the liberty to give opinions and ideas without any hindrance as well as fear of punishment. It involves not only freedom of verbal speech but all sorts such as seeking, imparting ideas or information as well as reception of information regardless of the media used. In reality, freedom of expression is not obvious in all countries because to some, the right is usually subject to limitations or censorship (Magee, 2002). This paper highlights the relationship between political correctness and the freedom of expression. 

The politically correct use the excuse of not upsetting individuals and demands that people behave like the unwise who would please anyone. In addition, it means that everyone should believe the ideas of the politically correct as certain. Political correctness is the same mentality that influenced the Nazis while obtaining the holocausts. Besides, political correctness is a social dementia that denies clear thinking. There is no good reason for denying freedom of speech unless in cases of empty slogans of those who are driven by selfishness and reserved by morality (Atkinson, n.d).
Opposite to political correctness is social acceptance which does not judge the degree of freedom in the society. In a liberal society, social acceptance acknowledges that no way of life, culture or vital principle system that is superior to the other.  If people do not express opposition by condemning the wrong, they are actually sanctioning the wrong. In a society where no political ways as well as force to restrict destructive opinions and attitudes are used, there is reliance on individual judgment by mind against such destructive practices and attitudes. In addition, freedom of speech gives the right to any individuals to air their views and to condemn any wrong done.  This is important in that it makes individuals to provide a reality check for one another. This will in turn help to completely eradicate ill ideas and attitudes from the society of free people (Amit, 2010).

The politically correct discourage, vilify and ostracize opinions that are politically incorrect according to them.  It distracts individuals from addressing serious fundamental issues of equality, intellectual excellence, justice as well as freedom in colleges. According to Magee, education should enable students to seek truth, pursue it and persist in this endeavor (2002). Furthermore, political correctness does not only seek to establish orthodox but also stigmatize the established cultures and the canon as being outdated, chauvinist, elitist as well as Eurocentric. In its extreme form, political correctness supposes that the canon is merely a subjective creation by some privileged elite.  It is a form of regimentation and brainwashing by liberals.

Political correctness takes the position that those who does less well and are given less rewards by educational institutions are being mistreated or rather cheated (Friedman  Narveson, 1995).  If freedom of speech is wrong to be used in the colleges and journalism to stifle sexual and racial insults, then it could be wrong for the health personnel to use polite speech to describe the available services. Political correctness is a tool of moralistic terror. The politically correct believe that they are the exclusive possessors of truth. For instance, in Germany, when one attempted to deal with critical issues such as woman and foreigners in any open-ended way, the individual was mercilessly beaten with the tyranny club. Additionally, political correctness does not give room for disputations, discussions as well as defamation campaigns. It sets an extraordinary model for censorial exploitation of the course of building communal political agreements. 

Political correctness sets up rigid barriers to ideas that block the open discussions intended to solve problems. As a result, it prevents further intellectual growth. Freedom of research should not to be restricted by any force that prescribes in advance what may be taken as true. If not, research threatens to turn into an ideological opinion cartel tool which will lose the stand as a requirement of intellectually creative and robust people. Moreover, it is a threat to a politically free society since it produces a state of ideological uniformity as well as concurring conformity (Nordbruck, 1999).
Political correctness has its counterpoint in language that erroneously refers to one group as if it was homogeneous in practice or belief. This is explicit in use of exclusive words such as nothing and all to describe behavior as well as people. The politically correct fail to understand the fact that language is a result of an evolved social course that corresponds to systematic order attained through a deliberate overall plan. Moreover, it involves many people trying to explain the reasons for their lack of success. Such victim-kind of explanations includes ideas that individuals are having a rough time due to a particular gender or race. Basically, political correctness is a way of rationalizing who an individual is, and they are not better than others.  Victims of political correctness are taught that their suffering and lack of success is due to some unfair as well as rectifiable conditions. On the same note, they are taught that social engineers can remedy their failures if the insensitive can simply let them (Younkins, 2002). 

Political correctness can thrive only where people are not willing to fight back as well as where it is supposed to control minds of people by the government elicits. In addition, political correctness is obligatory only when the intelligent yield to all the bogus promises of impartiality in every end result. Additionally, it defiles logic possessed by every human soul. In broad terms, it includes initiatives such as affirmative action in hiring and admissions, multicultural education, broadening of the span of classical texts in order to include those that are written by women and minority authors. Besides, it involves altering some vocabularies so as to avoid offending particular groups of individuals. This is not because of the quality of information in those texts, but chiefly because they represent minority realities (Younkins, 2002).

A great deal of political correctness deals with changing the inbuilt language and attitudes based on the unpleasant stereotypes. These offensive stereotypes may be derived from collective prejudices, ignorance as well as folklore. The primary aim of political correctness is to rid off or suppress semantically impacted facets of cultural disparities from the public discourse which have become substances of hurtful language.

Political correctness is the attack of free speech and is perpetrated by those left in politics to cover their flawed ideology, a kind of cultural Marxism. In addition, it attacks all the solid elements of our society basing on the grounds that they need liberalism and are repressive. It inhibits personal freedom of action and speech while replacing it with the Marxism dogma which we are all thought to embrace. It does untold damage to freedom of speech by giving freedom to supposedly repressed groups without any kind of responsibility balance. It has made common sense outdated by making some scenes in the media to be cut quickly (derbygripe.co.uk, 2010).

The public describe views that are officially mandated i.e. disconnected from the reality as politically correct. These politically correct people exist within an official power stand and they try to impose their ideas on the majority. While each individual has their own views, there are some issues that are universally viewed as politically correct. In addition, hate speech proposals have their origin in the politically correct bastions. They stir up counter reactions since these proposals are directed at limiting the debate on contentious issues. For instance, the attempt to stop a conservative Christian video against homosexuality illustrates perfectly the fear. Under the attempt to protect the minorities, the most important values are lost in the society. This is the right to freedom for expression. The politically correct fall in the trap of implying that racism is right basically because it is politically incorrect. This implies that it is of crucial importance to analyze situations arising from political correctness (Mapp, 2005).

Freedom is reasonable initiative, as slavery of any kind is condemnable. Therefore, criticism as well as opposition to the wrong done is a must by the help of freedom of speech.  It is of importance to have freedom of expression in any stat or nation. This is because correct information about all things including health status of a population, disasters as well as in giving the real pictures of issues so as to avoid misunderstanding. The criticism of political correctness is that it can put well-meaning individuals in the position of speaking for others without seeking their opinion, ideas as well as thoughts. Therefore, racial as well as other serious discrimination should not be tolerated since it is not just the desirable question of discrimination. They should be condemned in public. States should lift any limitations, censorship, obstacles as well as any other hindrance to freedom of expression.

Question 1
Disintermediation in the music industry refers to the elimination of middlemen from intermediary functions such as recruitment, in order to maximize returns. Artists and repertoire(AR) a division of arecord label. It acts as an intermediary between artists and the record label. It is basically charged with the responsibility of scouting talent and overseeing the artistic development of musical artists. A  R guys are universally young (the explanation usually is that the scout will be in trend with the developments in the musical scene) and always have some obvious underground singing experience in the given genre (rock). A  R guys do not write contracts but what they do is present the band with a deal memo, which loosely states some terms and conditions. It also affirms the band that it will be signed with the label after the contract has been agreed upon. What most artists dont know is that this deal memo is legal. Musicians are forced to sign the contract which suits the label. Most record labels utilize the long tail phenomenon - which allows them to realize significant profits by focusing on large base of customers who are usually the lower class. They offer choice, for example different genres, in small quantities to the customers.

Question 2
Music genes have disrupted sex constructions and patriarchy in the society. Music can be characterized as masculine or feminine. Conventional rock seems in many ways to comply with the deeper demands of metaphysical music discourse for meaning, truth and sincerity emanating from the unmediated voice.However, rock music has another aspect that makes it the voice of classical philosophy. The rock voice is almost definitively masculine. Even on rare occasions when women sing music which can be unproblematically defined as rock, the vocal style tends to take on the masculine characteristics of traditional rock singing.The rough aggressions of its vocal conventions make rock music sound masculine. Rock music also has a commitment to authenticity and meaning that are masculine. Jazz and hip hop genes are also masculine. Hip hop is a vocal style in which an artist speaks lyrically, in rhyme and verse, generally to synthesizedbeat. Gangster rap is popular among youths who like the violent and aggressive lyrics. Other musical genes such as soul and RB are considered feminine. The beats are usually slow and relay gospel and love messages. It is characterized by call and responsebetween the soloist and the chorus.

Today, modern dance is characterized by young girls and sometimes gay people. In recent years, dance was more muscular and mature. Apart from rock, many dances involve young women half naked. This is usually geared towards selling.

Technology is both an agent and symptom of change. There is a concrete link between technological development and changes in patterns of musical activities. Technological change has had an impact on musical (or any cultural) activity. Aesthetic innovation has increased. Technological developments as always enabled creativity. Take for example metallic rock music, the instruments allow a singer to sing loudly with passion.

Question 3
Hip hops culture is characterized by graffiti, rapping, breaking, DJing, and beatboxing. I will concentrate on braking from Formans article in relationship to Hip-hop culture. Breaking is the newest part of hip hop culture. It is an innovation to traditional dancing. However, it has made hip hop a media obsession. It started in New Yorks ghettos. Until breaking became frozen and legitimized by the media hype, it was, much of kids culture in cities, self-generated and nearly invisible to outsiders, especially adults  who just didnt want to even think about it or even think about it or know about it, much less watch it. It was both literally and figuratively an underground form, happening in subways as well as in parks and city playgrounds, but only among those in the know.

Through breaking, in its original form, all the pleasures were symbolically played out in public places. Breaking was inextricably tied to rapping, both in terms of its cycle and content and because rap provides the insistent percussion that drives the dance. The format of the dance was quite fixed. The dancers and onlookers formed a circle. It began with an entry, a hesitating walk that allowed him time to get in step with the music for several beats and his place onstage. Next the dancer got down to the floor to do the footwork. Acrobatic transitions such as head spins served as bridges between the footwork and freeze. The final element was the exit, a spring back vertically to send dancer outside the circle. Few girls were involved not only due the physical risk involved, but also the risk of real fighting that might erupt. And part of it is the deliberate attempt to impress the girls.  The break dancers costume was born of necessity as well as style. Tee-shirts and net over-shirts provide traction on the spins, and sneakers are important to the footwork.

Even though the broader history of breaking dates back to the slavery days, most people date it to the seventies. Breaking is something new and original, born of American ghetto culture, but its basic building blocks are moves from the Afro-American repertory. It represents the social identity of these people. It is born in the ghetto (relatively poor people) and tended to migrate along these social lines. It was born out of innovation and its appropriate to rap music. Today, breaking is national in the U.S.
Hip hop has a relation with Banda in terms place and nationalism. While Banda is Mexican, hip hop is American. They have both evolved over time. Bandais abrass-based traditional Mexican music. Banda is part of the cultural processin Mexico.

For very many years public service broadcasting has been central to media both in Britain and many other countries. This system has been the model of radio and television broadcasting not only in Britain, but in many other parts of the world. When broadcasting gained roots after the World War 1, the state had to take full control. It was the role of the government to decide how the media would be organized, financed and regulated. There were three options at the time. The first one was to make broadcasting to be market-led. The second option was to have broadcasting totally controlled by the government. The third option was to have an independent body, but one that would allow the state to control broadcasting. During this period, there was need to establish a state controlled broadcasting system. This is the genesis of some of the television broadcasting channels like the BBC.

Nevertheless, currently there is no broadcaster who focuses on addressing a single national audience or issue. The current media is one that addresses a wide range of audience that represents a range of political, cultural and religious issues. Television has become increasingly competitive with the audience taken as consumers rather than citizens. The public is willing to pay the cost of being served by the media. Public service lost its base a long time ago. It is argued by some scholars like Margaret Thatcher that there is no longer a thing like society, and what are there in its place are individuals. It is against such notions that Rupert Murdoch made a speech during the Edinburgh Television Festival in the year 1989 (Rayner, p 205). He observed that for a long time, the public could not be trusted to choose what to watch. He began his speech with the claim that in every area of economy where there is competition, it is preferable to monopoly. Competition keeps prices low and quality high monopoly does the opposite. Why should television be exempt from these laws of supply and demand (Rayner, p 207). This is a question that Rupert Murdoch as well as some of the established broadcasters tries to address. It is also the focus of this paper.

Competition allows people to select what they want to acquire or consume. Monopoly on the other hand, forces people to consume what is already chosen and delivered to them. Competition makes it necessary for supply to be innovative, failure to which they loose their competitive power. Monopoly on the other hand, gives the sole provider the chance to force outdated products the consumers. This is not the case with television as addressed in the paper. There is an agreement among the established broadcasters that the law of supply and demand cannot apply to television broadcasting. The reason given for this agreement is that clearly free and competitive television will bring to an end the concept of quality television. They have also agreed with the fact that multi-channel choice equals multi-channel drive. The most common phrase that is used in support of this argument is wall-to-wall Dallas. Besides the fact that the BBC is willing to air Dallas during prime time and besides the economic fact that fifteen channels were willing to air Dallas, fourteen out of the fifteen would go be ruined very fast. There is an assumption that exists behind the development of broadcasters case. It has been assumed for a long time that public television is capable of offering quality broadcasting. This is true considering the fact that it is channeled towards some central important issues that are provided in a quality manner unlike in the current competitive environment (Rayner, p 208). 

The definition and taste in broadcasting becomes the problematic issue here. One of the most appropriate definitions of the term public service broadcast is any broadcasting system that offers what is required by the public at a fee that is affordable to the public. Rupert Murdoch claims that quality is subjective. Most of what is claimed to be quality television is prejudices and contents that further the interests of like-minded individuals who control the broadcasting system. This is what television considers operating at its best. Most of the current television, especially the British television is producing what the public regards as the world best-quality television. There have been a lot of televisions that are given to prove this argument and the same are repeated over and over again. Rupert Murdoch suggests that this case is weaker than the public is made to believe. The competition brought about in the market has caused broadcasting to become lower in quality (Rayner, p 209). 

Given the fact that the public has to pay a considerably high price for quality television, what is being offered due to competition is far from being quality. The current television is offering variety, no doubt. There are programs in situational comedies, sports and other popular programs. Apart from the fact that competition has enabled variety of programming, the programs are very far from being quality in international standards. The current broadcasting system has adverse effects on the public. They are offering television that is obsessed with class. This is not the kind of broadcasting that can be claimed to be quality brought about by competition. Television that is dominated by anti-commercial approaches and that tends to hark back to the past is not what is best for the society
There is a claim in the laws of supply and demand that the current system boosts innovative risk-talking. It is argued that a market-driven system cannot be in a position to finance all sorts of quality programming that is currently practiced. The argument is that without public-television, it would not be possible to offer the public the kind of programming that is currently available. This argument is supported from a recent conference organized by the Broadcasting standards Council. The council claimed that without public-service television there would be no Dennis Potter plays on television (Rayner, p 209). The counterargument to this is that television broadcasting cannot and should not be left entirely to the market. The claim here is that television should shift from the present system of public television to social market. The public television is not an entirely bad idea, but it is a move that is capable of offering variety and not quality. This means that there is need to free television (Rayner, p 210). 

The freeing of broadcasting is a key step to the information age. It can be looked at as one of the promises of democratic revolution. Making the television sector a free one, means that the system is getting free of the problem of scarcity. That it will be made free of the narrow suite of cultural values. Making the system free will ensures freedom of entry by any private or public television which is convinced that it has something that the public would love to know. Making the market free and competitive will ensure that both the mass and minority viewers are catered for. This will also ensure that television broad casting is removed from the hands of the minority that controls it, into the hands of those who are meant to control it, the public (Rayner, p 210).

Murdochs argument against the public broadcasting is that it militates against viewers choice. This means that the consumers are not given a chance to choose and are provided with what is considered important to them. He adds that television should be market-led, citing the example of the market-led system in the United States. This kind of system has enable quality and choice of programming. The current programming especially in Britain has been dominated by politicians who believe in value in terms of money only. This means that the money has been central to the control of what people should or should not view. This is what has been caused by the current money-driven television. It is important to protect television and general media by imposing checks and balances against the concentration of television power that has a negative effect in the society (Rayner, p 211).

The stand of this paper is on the fact that competition in television, does not operate in the same way as in the laws of demand and supply. In television, competition lowers the quality of broadcasting. The competitors in television are only concerned with the profits they can get from the viewers, even if it means providing them with low quality programs. This however does not mean that the broadcasting should continue being under the control of the state, where the viewers have no choice on what is given to them. This is a call for the freedom of broadcasting, only with checks and balances that ensures the quality of television (Rayner, p 212).     
 
Conclusion
Despite the fact that broadcasting is moving from the state-controlled monopoly system to a market-driven system, it is important to look at the quality of television. Against the laws of supply and demand, where competition leads to better quality at low prices, while monopoly works in the opposite direction, television does not operate the same way. Competition in television ensures variety but the quality is affected. It is important, even as television moves from public service to market-driven, for there to be rules and regulations that will provide checks and balances. These rules and regulations will ensure standardization of broadcasting and thus quality. Competition in television provides innovative programs that the viewers love to watch. They are not in any way concerned with the quality. As long as they are getting money from what they offer, quality is not a major concern. 

COMMUNICATION MEDIA POLICY PAPER FOR CELL PHONES USE
Globalization of industries has provided enormous range of solutions to the people worldwide. In relation to this, several issues which are strategic and controversial in nature has resulted in distorting the peace situation of the world. Government institutions in many countries at their level are trying to combat the disastrous situation through their own policy structure (Feldmann, 138). Considering a global prospect, it requires extensive collaboration of Federal Communication Commission in regulation of the structure subject to privacy, security, strategic issues and global challenges.

Extensive focus of International Telecommunication Union (ITU) and associated bodies including FCC on contemporary wireless technology, specifically mobile phones has resulted in serious inter-state issues that are related to state security and information privacy (Feldmann, 53 Carr et al., 79). Determining the regulation structure directed at public level would require enforcing the following new policy proposed in this paper. This paper is focused on dimensional principle of government role for the harmony and peace situation in country. Now days many countries counterfeiting terrorism supported by local bodies in respective country by involvement of general public segment (Gurau  Ranchhod, 502). Their basis of strength is based on their communication mode effectiveness made possible through extensive use of mobile phone that provide them opportunity to organize their motto aimed at destabilizing the government trying to eradicate  banned activities and organizations from their states (Raboy, 94,112). Government of US has serious concern with such group of people and therefore following new policy will enable to control the strength of activity crimes organized through mobile phone communication.

In prospect of above specified situation, following new policy structure should be regulated by FCC in collaboration with ITU to maintain peace in world. No individual, local bodies either political or social in nature would be allowed to run campaign against government selected through large scale poll in any country using mobile phone technology as either text messaging or phone calls or any other mode. Individual or group of people involved in such activity would be found guilty of committing crime considered as rebellious in nature. Mobile Phone Network Companies are required to implement a software system in which specific words of native language must be incorporated considered tat are violent and destructive in nature.  In case if a series of such communication is detected, mobile phone network companies would be required to notify legal bodies of that country in mean time for immediate protective cover (Stross, 142-147).

Government institutions and its members will include all individuals holding a democratically elected position either at national, state, or at citytown level. No other individual either from local public or any person holding high position would be allowed to use mobile phone technology in any form to organize an anti-social activity against government members and institutions. This include limiting the use of words classified as acceptable in text messaging (SMSMMSemail via mobile), and on mobile phone conversation list of which must be formed by mobile network companies in collaboration with representing bodies of general public and government.

This policy is applicable to all citizens trying to establish their organization (similar of which is banned in country), or have formed a group connected through mobile phone. Any form of communication through mobile phone directed at government body, or representing communication with banned organization members would result in legal obligations. Indicators of association either direct or indirect with other people would be consider having part in the anti-social activity and therefore would be liable for same penalties as specified in Public and Homeland Safety Act (Palfrey  Gasser, 178).

Mobile phone ownership and associated activities that harm the peace of country would be classified solely byof the person for whom mobile connection is issued irrespective of the user but person is free from any obligation in any case if he notifies the concerned legal authority about the coercive power exercise by other individuals to use his mobile with proper evidences (Gurau  Ranchhod, 497).

FCC and ITU must ensure that all communication media groups are involve in protecting the governments from such speculative behavior, and policies are implemented globally with proper concern on the viability. FCC and ITU must provide assistance in developing software engineered program that will provide security to mobile phone users from being engaged in anti-social activity. Following policy will provide security cover to government as a result communication of anti-social groups will affect (specifically terrorist groups) that will result in reduced violent activities by such groups. Consequently, this will provide general public more safety and privacy in using mobile phone technology safely.

Hope, following policy would be considered soon.

An alcohol is made out of fermented grains, fruits or vegetables. Fermentation is the process that changes the sugar in the food into alcohol by use of yeast or bacteria. When people drink alcohol it is absorbed into the blood stream thus affecting the central nervous system which is the brain and the spinal chord that virtually control the whole body functions. This is clear evidence as to why alcohol drinking is considered much harmful among teens since their brain is still developing in their age. Facts say that the legal drinking age is 21 years of age but research has proven otherwise due to the increase of underage drinking all over America.(Teens Health, The Nemours Foundation, 1995-2010)

According to research, alcohol abuse among teenagers is not only on the increase but also starts at an early stage. It has been proven that teenagers start taking alcohol as early as 11 years of age in boys and 13 years in girls. According to research in America the average age when they start taking alcohol regularly is in the age of 15.9 years. National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism research outcomes show that teens who begin drinking as early as before 15 years of age are more likely to develop an alcohol dependency than those who begin drinking at 21 years of age. a child who reaches the age of 21 without drinking or smoking is less likely to do so (Joseph A. Califano, Chairman and President of National Centre of Addiction and Substance Abuse at Columbia University). In 1996 a report was given by the Department of Health and Human Services proving that most teens dont know the strengths of different alcoholic drinks and 33 do not understand the intoxificating effects of alcohol. Further research has proven that teen drinking is mainly a social activity and mainly many teens do not drink alone.However there are many other factors beside peer influence that lead to teen drinking.  Social environment and the media may also lead to alcohol abuse among teens. Although these external factors dont give the whole picture on how it actually happens, this is according to the drug and alcohol abuse experts report. However, other various aspects of drinking among teens have been identified as been under controlled, sensational or thrill seeking and impulsiveness. Emotional problems are also other factors that can lead to teen alcohol abuse this is according to a research conducted in the mid 1990s. Relational problems in the family setup or the financial status are core factors that lead to drinking problems among teens. Hand in hand, teens that have one or both parents drinking are more prone to alcohol abuse than those who have non drinking parents. (Alcohol Abuse among Teenagers)

To a decisive conclusion to this, alcohol is addictive and can cause harm to the human brain especially that of teenagers who are still at a tender stage of development. Alcohol changes the way the body works and how the mind reasons which is virtually the reason why teens need to shy away from it. Since this is the time they are so much involved with school work and to alter the mindset from school work can cause havoc even in performance. Not only in school work but also when undertaking other tasks which require coordination and concentration such as driving. Alcohol drinking is especially dangerous among teens since it changes the way we act and can lead to doing things which are dangerous such as unsafe or premature sex. Generally alcohol abuse affects health and can lead to seizures or passing out with excessive drinking. All teens should be well aware that alcohol only harms. So whatever drinking reasons one has, may it be pressure from friends, stress or thoughts of becoming popular, the aftermath should always be registered in the mind and one should know of the harm that is bound to happen with the abuse. It is important to seek help from a doctor or a responsible adult in this case. (Family Doctor.org editorial staff)

Music industry and technology have both shared an interesting relationship since history. The sale of sheet music, LPs, CDs and any other technical form of music have brought to much lucrative profits to the music industry. Further still, technologies like cassette, mp3 and even the radio have made it possible to their users to buy more products from the music industry as they keep getting entertained by the same music. It is clear that music transcends generations and so is technology. This implies that as time passes, there are more improvements that are made technologically in the music industry (McLeod, 521). This makes one to conclude that at some point, there is a strong relationship between music industry and technology.

Technology has been seen to influence the music industry in so many ways. Music industry runs from the singing art, the production of music and even the recording industry (McLeod, 523). Technology has made great positive developments in the music industry and continues to influence its development. For instance, Frith identifies that internet technology has enabled artists to virtually make their records. In an interview with the Perfect Sounds Forever (2002), Frith says that it is also possible for one to communicate with the audience in a direct way without the need of a mediator. Frith appreciates that through internet technology one can upload and download music without the need to involve any mediator (Perfect Sound Forever, 2002). Similar views are shared by McLeod where he talks of radio technology promoting music industry. He reflects how music turned out to be an important tool in music promotions (McLeod, p. 524). He demystifies the theory that as many people listen to music freely on the radio, they will not buy it. However, at some point, technology has its negative effects on the music industry too. This specific negative side of technology that has made many to cry fowl is the P2P file sharing capability through the internet. However, McLeod trashes the whole idea and complements on the technology as a tool for reducing production expenses (McLeod, 526). He specifically identifies the cutting of middlemen as one way of reducing the expenses if music production (McLeod, 527). The fact here is that, technology plays a great role in music development.

The origins of the recording industry can be traced back in the 19th century after the First World War (Lull, 55). The most prime commodity in the musical industry by then was the gramophone. It was used in the recording and producing almost all types of music. The gramophone was among the first electrical appliances to be discovered and the technology was low. But with this technological advancement, there have been many developments in the recording industry, something that has greatly transformed the experience on music in the whole world. Definitely, it began with the western countries and slowly technology spread to the entire world. Therefore, singers in the western countries used to take advantage of technology and produce good music out of it. Whereas these western countries used to shine in music, Africa was lagging behind, and the cause of this was lack of technology (Lull, 75).

The history of music can be traced to have gone through three stages. Music was first published in houses called music publishing houses. This is the first stage on the development of music. By this times, sheet music used to be the main and only way of publicize popular music. Technology was not that high at these times and that is the reason for the application of sheet music. Sheet music was simply song lyrics written on paper and distributed to people in form of music (Lull, 73).

Second phase was the production of music in record companies. Thanks to technology, there were improvements to the music industry by the introduction of CDs, LPs, and MP3s. These technologies particularly the invention of compact discs by Sony and Philips in 1980s improved the sound quality, usability ease and resistance to wear (Garofalo, 344). Companies could help singers to record and produce their music with ease and produce music of high quality. This greatly boosted the music industry as the singers could now even be heard in their voices. This encouraged many to come into the music industry thus bringing competition. With competition in place, music experienced great improvement in performance. All these have been made possible by the technological changes that have been taking place over time (Perfect Sound Forever, 2002). The last phase has been made possible by the transitional entertainment corporations. These are the most technically advanced and they have helped music to reach heights that no one thought it could reach. These companies have helped promote music through movie tie-ins, streaming audio on the internet and the recording music for sale. This has helped musicians to fetch a lot of money from their songs which they sell. These companies have also helped in advertising the songs and put them in the market just like any other commodity. Due to technology, music is no longer tied to a single sound carrier (Lull, 75).

Technology has helped a lot in the advancement and promotion of music thus it has led to improvement of the music industry. The evolution of popular music has mainly been aided by technology (Adorno, 437). As technology advances, it has brought with is sound systems that make music more enjoyable to listen to and easier to produce and market. Systems like hi-fi radios, home theaters and others have made a colorful improvement on how often people listen to music. Many and even those who never had a taste in music nowadays are fanatics of music. And to the singers, music has been so easy to make and produce and even earn money from it. It is crystal clear that most of the singers that sing popular music fetch lots of million dollars from that. For this very reason, one can always conclude that technology and music industry are so much intertwined (Perfect Sound Forever, 2002).

However, despite the lucrative businesses technology has brought to the singers, it has also disappointed them at one point or another. It is this same technology that has brought loses upon many musicians. Some local singer have always wondered why it is so difficult to them the make millions of dollars just the same way others do. The answer to this is that once a musician has produced a song, it is posted all over the internet. Fans always know of this and they will download these songs almost for free. This is a disadvantage to the singers as they would have as well sold that music for a lot of money. This is discouraging and it is no wonder why some artist can never grow. They have the effect of technology on them (Perfect Sound Forever, 2002).

As if this is not enough, there are professional thieves who are called music pirates. These are people who check out for the new song releases in the internet, download then, make new many copies of the same and sell them out to the public. This kills the music industry so much. It has been known to be the greatest enemy of music industry as it has discouraged many to quit singing as they barely see any benefits apart from being famous. Music has been affected so much by this and the blame goes to technology (Perfect Sound Forever, 2002).

There has been this argument about what is likely to happen to the music industry as technology advances day by day. It is clear that one of the most important changes and difficulties facing singers now is the thought of having the capacity to produce and sell as much recorded music as possible. This is the only business the singers do and it is clear that by the existing technology, it is really threatened. The sale of CDs has fallen to half what used to sell during the period it was at the peaks and it still keeps falling. The fact that one can easily make money by producing songs, recording and selling the music does no longer exist. This is one disadvantage that is really facing the music industry and the cause of it is technology. The future of music industry is really shadowed by many facts. With the growing technology, one can get a sound track of a song that has just been produced right in his or her bedroom immediately after its release. From cable televisions or even satellites, many have found it easy to have the kind of music they want anytime they want it. This is bad news to singers since there business, the only business has no future (Perfect Sound Forever, 2002). Before the advancement of technology, artists used to fetch a lot of cash from the sale of recordings, performances in parties and in live concerts. But that used to happen many years ago, and what we have now in a music industry where singers sing for charity. The only thing they earn is a name and fame. All they do is entertain people because even the live concerts nowadays are aired on televisions. Almost all homes even those of the poor have televisions and thus they access the new music in the industry (Garofalo, 345).

The only way to save the music industry is an obligation and initiative of the singers to record songs that are outrageously outstanding. Songs that everyone could really with to have a copy in the house and can listen to whenever he or she wants to. This can be done if the singers do enough practice, write songs that are just perfect, be performers who have a sense of humor. Songs that are wonderful and amazing do not miss in the libraries of individuals because that is what most people focus on when buying a CD or even a cassette. If the song is just too ordinary, no one will purchase it because the will be aired on television anyway (Garofalo, 345).

In conclusion, the fate of the music industry really lies on the technological advancement in the society. But the technology is not going to wait for musicians to fetch money then it advances later in the day. It advances by each day, and at least every day there is a new thing that is invented about technology. Unless the singers embrace their talents and produce perfect music, then the fate of the music industry will be worse that it is now. This calls for the singers to take initiative and work extra harder on their music. The basic idea here is, technology has really helped music industry to grow significantly, but this is not enough, the damage and losses it is causing today is so immense till its merits are being overlooked. Music has come a long way and all this is due to technology, it is not the technology that is raping artists of their money, but it is the people who use that technology. We should not put the full blame on technology in fact it has done its part in improving the music industry. Therefore, all the thanks go to technology, for improving the music industry and life in general.