Communications and Media

Social media describes websites that people use to share information or the networking sites like face book or friendstar (Johnson, 2005). It includes the online tools of technology that people use to share information and resources, and hence enables people to communicate easily. It is designed to work, or to operate through social interaction and it fulfills its tasks through the use of Internet. This means that social media is a group of internet based applications. Social media brings into consideration three components, which is art or the information, the second component is the media, which consists of the physical or the verbal part, and the last is the social interface. Examples of software that is utilized by social media are blogs, micro blogging, social networking among others (Kaplan  Haenlein, 2010). Common forms of social media are concepts electronic media and print media, which are normally for redistribution - it has spread in popularity so fast.

Social media has largely altered the way business and organizations communicate as they no longer use the industrial media. It has really become appealing to large businesses as well as small businesses as it tends to be relatively cheaper than industrial media, which require a sizeable amount of resources to publish any form of advertisement. As such, the business fraternity has largely turned to the use of social media it has a large consumer base (Kaplan,  Haenlein, 2010). The social media allow large or small organizations to reach their consumers as well as creating new markets for their products, at the same time communicate, and market their products across the world. This is made possible by the fact that they can use different translations to reach a wide range of people. Another advantage of social media over industrial media is that is largely accessible as any one can use them since they are available to all at very little or no cost at all (Scoble  Israel, 2006).

Other advantages that make it comparatively better than the industrial media is that they are applicable to current technological requirements and can be altered within no time unlike industrial. Down trodden companies, also use the social media to boost or revitalize their poor self image to capture the lost markets as well as get catch up with their competitors and eventually do even better as it is the aim of any industry to be the best in its field (Li  Bernoff, 2008). The social media being largely available and attracting a large audience thus has proved to be the best channel for such companies to market their products as well as communicate their new strategies and improved products. Improving the quality of their products and services is further made possible by the fact that the consumers are able to send their feedback concerning those products, which makes it possible for the companies to use this information to improve its products.

The event industry is a large sector that requires appropriate means that could ensure a large audience base is accessed. Event requires bringing together like minded people to fulfill a calling. This means the social media can be utilized to achieve this goal (Shirky, 2008). The social media is designed in a way people sharing the same fundamentals, ideologies, and philosophies can easily be segmented. The benefits associated with utilization of social media ensure that arranging and implementing of events is an easier task (Surowiecki, 2005).

Events require application of managerial practices towards the development and creation of events, festivals, and conferences. This means that event management requires understanding the intricacies of target audience identification, branding, developing event concept, co-ordination of technological aspects, planning the logistics, and thus fulfills the requirements of event management (Surowiecki, 2005). This means that the borderless of social media ensures that the event industry.

Events require bringing and conducting frequent meetings that provides a base in which activities are planned and how they will be carried out (Li  Bernoff, 2008). This means that it requires event organizers to move from one location to another ensuring all the organizers can easily exchange views. However, the logistics difficulties associated with events industry can be averted by the use of social media. Social media allows organizers to exchange views and make decisions online without moving out of the working environs or comfort of their homes (Scoble  Israel, 2006). Events components and fundamentals, and bringing into consideration social media ensure the organizers can complete easily their logistical requirements. Moreover, it ensures that a large event base is accessed and the message passed.

Generally, social media is an important component that has been introduced into accomplishment of activities. Social media is associated with numerous advantageous benefits that ensures it application in managerial sector is successful. Social media can easily be used in accomplishing events industry requirements. It ensures events organizers accomplish event requirements easily.

Laura Mulvey was born in 1942. She studied at St. Hilda College in Oxford. Her area of interest is in the media and film studies. As part of her career, she worked at British Film Institute, after which she took a lecturing position at the University of London. She has a done quite a considerable amount of work in the course of her career, the most notable among these being Visual Pleasure and narrative Cinema which she did in 1973. She intended to employ psychoanalysis in the discovery of the manner in which film fascination is reinforced by fascination patterns which are pre-existing within individual subject as well as social formation which moulded him. It starts from the manner in which films reflect, reveal and play on straight interpretation that has been socially established on sexual difference that controls images, spectacle as well as erotic conducts of looking. In order to challenge first cinemas she focused her studies on the past cinemas. She wanted to understand how cinemas had been in the past and how cinema magic had been working for all that time. After gaining a better understanding, she would formulate a theory based on her own understanding. Psychoanalytic theory comes as a weapon used politically to demonstrate the manner in which patriarchal society unconscious has been able to structure film form.

Phallocentrism paradox in its manifestations depends on castrated woman image in giving order as well as meaning to the world around it. There is the idea a woman is standing as a lynch pin in the system her lack produces what is referred to as the phallus which is a symbolic presence, her desire to make good out of the lack is what phallus signifies. The writings which have recently been done on the area of psychoanalysis as well as cinema has never been able to lay significant emphasis on the significance of the representation of female form in a more or less symbolic order whereby, castration and no other subject is spoken in the final resort. In a summary, we realize that the role played by a woman in patriarchal unconscious formation can be explained in two aspects. First of all, the woman symbolises the threat posed by castration though, she lacks a real penis. The second aspect involves the raising of her child into symbolic. Provided this has taken place, her meaning in the course of the process ends. Her meaning does not stay long enough to reach the legal or the linguistic world. The only thing that remains of her is the memory which lies between maternal plenitude memory and the memory associated with lack.

The desire of a woman is linked to her image as the one who bears a bleeding wound, her existence can only be related to castration and she cannot be able to transcend it. She then uses her child as the reason of her personal desire to have a penis. She imagines that this is a condition which will make her enter the symbolic. She has to choose between giving the word way in a graceful manner and struggling to keep her child an imaginary half-light. The woman has to stand in a culture of patriarchy. She is tied within the symbolic order where a man is able to live his fantasies as well as obsessions by the means of linguistic command through their imposition on a womans silent image that is bound to the position of being the meaning bearer and never the meaning maker. This feminist analysis arouses great interest, a beauty under phallocentric order experience frustration. The women feel that they are challenged and have to find ways of combating unconscious language when they still exist in patriarchal culture. For them, there is no other alternative other than employing psychoanalysis among other methods in the examination of patriarchal culture. There are still a number of important female unconscious issues which psychoanalytic theory does not take into consideration. Some of them are female infant sexing and the way she relates to the symbolic, a mature woman who is a non-mother, the vagina, among others. Despite the fact that it does not encompass all the issues, psychoanalytic theory remains a very crucial theory that can aid in the understanding of the patriarchal culture.

In the course of time, cinemas have really changed from what they used to be. It no longer follows the monolithic system which required great investment in terms of capital. The most notable examples were those from classical Hollywood from 1917 to 1950s. Technological advancements as well as changes in the economic situation have led to great changes in cinematic production. In current times, cinematic production can be artisanal or capitalistic. All these changes have made the development of alternative cinema possible. In as much as Hollywood tried to be self-conscious as well as ironic, it operated within the concept of mise-en-scene that reflected the ideological concept that the cinema entailed. Alternative cinema has made it possible to come up with cinemas which are radical in the political and aesthetic senses and are able to provide plausible challenges on the ideas in which the mainstream films are based. This does not necessarily mean that that the classical Hollywood cinemas were not moral. This is only to highlight the fact that the society which was credited to such kinds of production had psychical obsessions and hence alternative cinema has to stress on that testing the basis of such obsessions and the underlying assumptions. It is now possible to produce avant-garde cinemas, both in the political as well as the aesthetic aspects, only that its existence has to be based on a counterpoint.

The magic that characterize classical Hollywood style must have arisen from one main aspect How they were able to manipulate visual pleasure through skilfully to achieve satisfaction. Without any significant challenge, the mainstream film was able to code erotic into the linguistic aspect of the overruling patriarchal order. In the context of classical Hollywood cinemas, which were highly developed, the subject could only be alienated through these codes. Laura feels that the best alternative is supposed to leave the past but not necessarily rejecting it, in a bid to transcend the oppressive forms and breaking with pleasurable expectations to come up with a new desirable language.

The cinema is able to offer a variety of pleasures. One among these pleasures is the scopophilia. There are occasions when one finds pleasure in looking only. The reverse form of this pleasure is that of being looked at. Freud had pinpointed scopophilia as a sexuality instinct which was able to exist as a drive independent of erotogenic zones. He felt that this could be likened to taking another person for an object by subjecting the individual to curious as well as controlling gaze. His examples were centred on the voyeuristic actions of children they always long to see the private and forbidden. There is always the curiosity to see the genitals of other people. Scopophilia is active in this kind of analysis. There are factors which modify instincts among them is the ego constitution, though its continued existence forms the erotic foundation of pleasure which comes as a result of viewing people as objects. When it gets to the extreme extents, it con turn into perversion that may lead to obsessive voyeurs as well as a peeping Toms, who feel sexually satisfied through watching, in a sense that is active controlling, another person as an object .

The mainstream film, as well as the conventions from which it has evolved manifests a world that is hermetically sealed and is able to unwind in a more or less magical way, such films are able to play with the voyeuristic fantasies of their audience. Voyeuristic separation is also promoted by the extreme contrast as a result of the difference in auditorium darkness and the light as well as shade patterns which are brilliantly portrayed at the screen. Despite the fact a film is being shown, or is supposed to be seen, the screening conditions as well as the narrative conventions, leads to an illusion that a spectators is looking at it in his private world.

The cinema does not only satisfy primordial wish related to pleasurable looking, but also develops scopophilia in a narcissistic perspective. Mainstream films, also known as the classical Hollywood films, lay great emphasis on human form. The scale, the space as well as stories are anthropomorphic. The curiosity and wish to stare intermingles with recognition human face, the body, the relationship which exists between human forms and the surroundings, as well as the persons visual presence within the world. Jacques Lancan is credited with an explanation of ego constitution and the importance of the moment a child is able to recognize its image in the mirror. During this period, the child has greater physical ambition than his mental capacity and the child feels that the mirror image is more complete than his physical self. There is thus a combination of recognition and misrecognition recognition comes in the sense that the image is a reflection of their physical bodies while the misrecognition is portrayed when the child feels that the image is superior to his physical body. In a number of occasions, from this defining moment, the child will be fascinated merely by looking at the mother since he links it to his self awareness.

The lovedespair that exists between a given image and self image is what has been intensely expressed in films and has led to joyous recognition in cinema audience. The mirror and the screen may be similar but there is a big difference in the sense that the cinema has fascination structures that are able to make a person temporarily loose his ego while it reinforces it at the same time. Scopophilia has been established to be a consequence of perceiving another individual as a sexual stimulation object through sight. Another pleasurable structure which is set by mainstream films is the narcissism and ego constitution, which arise when an individual identifies himself with the screened image he has seen.  There is the separation of the subjects erotic identity from the screen object, also known as active scopophilia, and identification with the screen object ego through the fascination of the spectator. The former aspect deals with sexual instinct while the latter, ego libido.

Due to sexual imbalances that characterize the world, pleasure that arises through looking can be split into two main groups, the male who are sometimes deemed to be the active, and the female, generally passive. Male gaze is able to project its fantasy on female form . In traditional exhibitionist, women play the part of being looked at and at the same time displayed, their appearance greatly coding erotica as well as visual impact. The woman is exhibited as a sexual object becoming the leit-motif of an erotic spectacle.  In narrative films, the woman usually has to be present. However, her visual existence normally works against story line development, to freeze action flow in erotic contemplation moments. She has to be integrated within the narrative so that cohesion can be achieved.

In classical Hollywood films the woman was portrayed as an erotic object to both the male characters in the film and to the audience. In the context of show-girl, a womans gaze at a male character and at the audience can be skilfully combined without interfering with the verisimilitude of the narrative. There is a great erotic impact associated with a performing woman which is able to drive male audience into the world of their own. This can be seen when Marilyn Monroe first appeared in The River of No Return. Another notable example is the time when Lauren Bacall sang in To Have or Have Not. Narrative structures have always been controlled by an activepassive labour division. Male figures lack the ability of being sexually objectified. The story normally takes place in a manner such that the man takes an active role in story forwarding while the woman takes the supportive role. The man appears to be controlling fantasies in the file and emerges a power representative.

The narrative within a film normally revolves around a well known protagonist male actor that a spectator is able to identify with. The screen surrogate of the actor is normally portrayed in a way that she leads to erotic instincts which the spectator can project from the protagonist male actor and have the feeling of omnipotence. The male actor is portraying some elements of perfection and not necessarily to act as an erotic object. The film is able to ensure that the conditions are as close to the natural conditions as possible. This is achieved through camera technology and movements as well as editing which brings the film closer to reality. The female actress is portrayed to be the property of the protagonist male actor. Her eroticism is limited to the male protagonist actor alone. The spectator is also able to have her by virtue of identifying with the male protagonist.

In the context of Vertigo, as well as Marnie and Rear Window, there is oscillation between fetishistic fascination and voyeurism. In Vertigo, Hitchlock explores identification process which is normally associated with correct ideologies and morality. His hero is the policeman. In Marnie, the hero in a very dominant male, who has money and wields great power. In both these cases the actors are driven into compromised circumstances by virtue of their erotic desires. The woman is turned into a mere sexual object by voyeuristic gaze and the actors ability to subject other people to their will. Hitchcock was skilful in exploring the identification process in his film by ensuring that subjective cameras were used from the protagonists perspective, this makes the spectators share the uneasy gaze he has.

Vertigo is basically woven around the things Scottie can and those that he cannot see. In the context of Vertigo, Scottie has an erotic obsession and despairs in the process. Scottie portrays voyeurism when he fell in love with a lady he had been following severally without uttering any word to. The sadistic part of the film is portrayed when he quits his job as a lawyer and becomes a police officer. He stalks the lady and falls in love with her image which seems very perfect and beautiful. Vertigo focuses much on the active looking and the passivelooked at due to their sexual differences and the male emerges the hero.

Laura Mulvey was able to clearly demonstrate the manner in which films objectify women to play the supportive role in films. They are viewed as objects and are supposed to arouse erotic desires in male spectators. Male actors are taken to be very perfect in nature and the films usually give some protagonist male actor moral aspects which ensure that he wins the desires of the spectators. The spectators normally operate from the point of view of the protagonist male actor and together they make the woman surrogate in the move theirs. Laura Mulvey was very active in championing for the respect of ladies in the film industry.

The history of American television show is long and is characterized by many different shows as well as genres and noticeable changes over the years, like the shift from sitcoms to reality television shows, for example. Historians, as well as critics point out that in its long history, there are just selected shows that stood out from among its contemporaries and among the rest. The reason why they are special is because of how audience appreciated and reacted to the show resulting to financial success. It is also because of how the show was important in pioneering important changes that allow television show to consistently take the next step and continue developing for the continued entertainment of the audience. It would be hard to argue with the fact that I Love Lucy is a television show that was immortalized by its success and by the enduring fan and audience support and patronage.

There are many things that will be discussed in this paper. The focus of the discussion and analysis of the paper will focus on the I Love Lucy as a show that has become iconic, well-loved, unforgettable and changed the lives of an on-screen and real life love team. The paper will talk about the time line involving I Love Lucy as a show, and its rise to importance and significance and how and why it is important and significant, what it did and what it contributed to American television history.

The paper will also discuss the lives of Desi Arnaz and Lucille Ball, the two main characters in I Love Lucy. After the show, they are still important individuals in Hollywood especially because of the business side of this people, manifested largely through the Desilu Productions which they shared for a particular period of time. Lucille Ball and Desi Arnaz played Lucy and Ricky Ricardo respectively in the show. This was a role that made them household names. Their faces were easily recognized by the people who watched and loved the show during its entire six-year run and the numerous times it was syndicated and aired in different parts of America and the world.

Outline
Introduction
Discussion
Lucille Ball and Desi Arnaz biography
Lucille Ball
Desi Arnaz
The Desilu Production and Desilu Studio
C. I Love Lucy - Rise to popularity and significance
      i. Start of the show
                  ii. Rise to and sustaining the popularity
Significance of the show (long term and short term)
Impact of Desilu
Conclusion

The show I Love Lucy, its main characters Lucille Ball and Desi Arnaz, and Desilu Productions and Studios are all credited for their important contribution to the success of the show. They are also credited for pioneering efforts and steps that revolutionized American television entertainment trend and method. There are many literature sources. These include books as well as critical articles in newspapers and magazines as well as in studies inside the academe focusing on entertainment, communication, mass media and contemporary modes of entertainment. These literature sources point to the show and its characters as enduring icons and timeless entities that have made their own niche in the history of American entertainment industry and television because of the impact of their long and resounding success. The show I Love Lucy, as well as Ball and Arnaz, are all important parts and components of the history of development of American television because of how the show influenced the audience, how it created many important trends and patterns. This will be followed by many other television shows to come after it and because of how I Love Lucy, in one way or another, revolutionized American television content. This will be the focus of the discussion and analysis of this paper.

One of the most popular Hollywood couples of all time is the tandem of real life sweethearts Lucille Ball and Desi Arnaz, the lifeblood of one of the most popular, if not the most popular, television series in American television history I Love Lucy. I Love Lucy came to life because of the collaboration of these two individuals who stayed married for several years but divorced in the end. I Love Lucy is all about Lucille Ball and Desi Arnaz. Their life and love story is important in how one of the most important, significant and influential television series came to be and how this show was sustained.  It was a story of two persons from different origins finding their paths merging in Hollywood. The rest of the couples love story was as hugely followed as the love story of the television show I Love Lucy.

The popular Lucy Ricardo in I Love Lucy was in real life Lucille Desiree Ball who was born on August 6, 1911. Lucille spent much of her adult life acting, first in B movies before moving into superstardom with her role in I Love Lucy and her ownership of the Desilu Production. Lucilles career as an actress started in the 1930s and was sustained all the way up to the 1970s. She had a colorful and memorable acting career that was highlighted by her stint in I Love Lucy and the awards she won at the Emmys and in other award giving bodies. Lucille was also a model in her younger years and a company executive during her mature years especially after her divorce with husband Desi and Desis departure from Desilu Productions. Lucilles personal life besides her marriage to Desi and her remarrying after her divorce with her first husband also included motherhood when she gave birth to her first child Lucie Desiree Arnaz and to her second child Desiderio Alberto Arnaz IV, known in the US as Desi, Jr. Unlike the roots of Desi, Lucilles family is more of a working class group of individuals. In fact, it was the reason why they moved around much, because of her fathers work as a telephone lineman. While neither her mother nor father has any significant background in acting and show business, it was her grandfather who would influence her to cultivate her interest in vaudeville. This was an important background for her when she started in the show business, not to mention the polishing she received while attending the John Murray Anderson School for Dramatic Arts. In Broadway, Bells screen name was Dianne Belmont. Ball hoped from one menial acting job to another, being involved but not with significant value to many different movies. She managed her financial responsibilities by working in the radio on the side, particularly in the radio program My Favorite Husband of CBS Radio wherein she played the part of the girl named Liz Cugat. After that, the next best thing that came to Ball was Desi and the show I Love Lucy. It was the height of her career as an actress. It was also the beginning of a relationship that will last even when they stopped becoming husband and wife to one another. As a movie and television actress, Ball was not exempted from the government crackdown on suspected anti-US and pro-communist. She was invited for questioning in 1953. Balls exciting and unexpected life included being a mother at age forty. It is something that is considered as a miracle considering her many miscarriages in the past and her age as well. Her two children were what connected her with Desi in their later lives. After I Love Lucy, Ball continued to make movies as well as musical and participated in Broadway plays. She balanced this with the tasks involved in maintaining the Desilu Productions afloat, which was difficult and stressful for Ball. Considered as one of the few women who had very long career as actresses in Hollywood and Broadway, Ball would make her final public appearance during the Academy Awards in 1989. On April of the same year, Ball passed away from aneurysm. She was buried in LA and later her remains were moved to Jamestown in New York, laid to rest side by side the other members of her family. Even after her death, Ball still continued to receive many awards and recognition from different institutions and agencies that recognized her importance and role in the entertainment industry and to the American pop culture as well.

Born on the 2nd of March in 1917, Desi Arnaz became one of the popular faces of the television sitcoms in the 50s and 60s and even in the present day because of his rise to fame side by side I Love Lucy. This multi-talented individual played Balls leading man in the story, as Lucys musician husband with whom Lucy shared the ups and downs of everyday Manhattan life. Arnaz was born in a place called Santiago in Cuba. He shortened his named to Desi from Desiderio Alberto. Desi came from a rich, well-to-do and politically influential family back in Cuba. His father and his grandfather are politicians who owned large amount of land and properties which were eventually confiscated by the Cuban government after the revolution of Fulgencio Batista. Because of political oppression, Desi and his family moved to the United States which opened the door for Desi to explore acting, and later show business as a producer. In his early career as an actor, he already landed a gig in Broadway, and was soon in Hollywood, where he met Lucille Ball to whom he would be married to on the 30th of November in 1940. He acted in I Love Lucy while at the same time also acted as the shows producer.

Besides this show, Desi also produced many other television shows and films. The success of the love story of Lucy and Ricky somewhat contrasted with the real life condition of the couple, especially during the later part of their adult life. Stress, managing problems, substance abuse and other problems led to the divorce of the two. With the split and the show I Love Lucy making its final season, it appeared they are heading in separate direction, which did not happen exactly like that since Arnaz still collaborated with Desilu Productions now owned by Ball while I Love Lucy was enjoying reruns and syndications worldwide. After the divorce, Arnaz remarried, but in 1985 his second wife namely Edith Mack Hirsch passed away, leaving Arnaz widowed. He did not remarry again.

He and Ball remained close until Desis death in December 2, 1986. His death was caused primarily by his lung cancer. As testament to his contribution to the American film, television and entertainment industry, he was given not just one but two different stars in the Hollywood Walk of Fame. Unlike other couples in Hollywood, Desi remained forever as part of the fictional I Love Lucy couple as he was part of the real life love team alongside Lucille. Besides producing and acting on many different films and television shows, he also wrote and published a book (a biography) while another book was written about Desilu Productions.

As Ball and Arnaz grew in popularity with the success of I Love Lucy, something else was also experiencing growth and development, and that is the production outfit and later the studio properties owned by the couple. The production was named Desilu Productions, responsible for the production of I Love Lucy shows as well as many other shows which Desilu managed to accommodate when the company started experiencing marked earnings in profit and started expanding and increasing its operations and projects. Important in the creation of I Love Lucy and the rise to popularity of the show is the production outfit that created it. The name Desilu Production was easily decoded as the merging of the names Desi and Lu (for Lucille), resulting in the name Desilu which is also the name of the couples ranch located in Chatsworth in California. The production outfit experimented on a different approach which allowed I Love Lucy to be considered as one of the innovators when it comes to methods and styles in sitcom production. It moved away from some of the common and traditional television show practices at the time, trying and experimenting with styles that may not be totally a Desilu original but is nonetheless popularized in huge part by Desilus many different projects including I Love Lucy.

The production featured live audience, and used three cameras to capture the acting. Instead of filming live in New York, the production of I Love Lucy was stationed in Hollywood.  I Love Lucys combination of live audience, the filming of the show and the airing of filmed and not live show was credited as an innovation in style to which the production team of I Love Lucy was responsible for. After I Love Lucy and even until today, this style is still widely used by many production outfits filming sitcoms inside and outside of the US.

The company was on the verge of making a breakthrough in the industry and poised as well to become a stable and solid institution that is both financially sound and artistically valuable to the industry at the time. Desilu Productions was the corporate entity that secured studio space so that I Love Lucy can be filmed. First, the company rented a place known at the time as General Service Studios and today known as Hollywood Center Studios from 1951 to 1953 during the filming of the first two seasons of the show. After that, Desilu Productions transferred to Motion Picture Center for season three to six of the hit sitcom. During that period, the studio was renamed Desilu Studios and later Desilu-Cahuenga Studios to avoid any possible confusion especially with regards to other Desilu properties that the company has managed to acquire over time.

Today the studios name has been changed to Ren-Mar Studios. The company, with its classic corporate logo of yellow shorthand of the word Desilu over a black background, was based in Los Angeles in California. Desilu Productions was a studio home not just to I Love Lucy but also to many other television shows and series. Founded in 1950, Desilu Productions started from humble beginnings without any big named financial backer, and soon it would become one of the strongest profit earning production outfits in Hollywood during its time.

Desilu grew financially over the years that it has operated inside Hollywood and during its peak there was no question regarding the profit that Desilu managed to get from I Love Lucy. Because of the money coming in from the show and because of the other projects of the Desilu Productions, the company has had enough money to acquire many properties especially at the later half of the 1950s. It acquired the properties of RKO Pictures and other lot spaces that by 1957, its property equaled to or was even greater than outfits that are popular today like Twentieth Century Fox and Metro Goldwyn Mayer. Desilu unexpectedly grew in size and stature to rival the largest Hollywood studios by the end of the 1950s.

Through the years, Arnaz and Ball shared the responsibilities in running Desilu Productions and Desilu Studio.  Arnaz was focused on the business side. Ball, too, has a say in the business aspect of it. Being an actress and performer first, she was always focused on the artistic side of the business and production (although Ball would be thrust to perform in a more hectic and critical leader role for the company upon Arnazs exit from the firm). In later years and especially close to and after the divorce of this Hollywood couple, Arnaz eventually left Desilu for good, selling his share of the company, relinquishing his role as the companys president and head. This made Ball the companys new president. It was something that cemented Balls Hollywood status not just as an actress but also as a power player. By that time, she was already head of a production outfit and not just a mere actress that begs and expects from the good graces of producers and directors to pick her for roles. Desilu Studios would eventually be sold and merged with Paramount Television, Paramount absorbing the rights to many different shows previously under Desilu.

What remains of Desilu as a corporate and legal entity is Desilu Too L.L.C. At the end of the era of Desilu Productions, Paramount Television and the Lucille Ball Production took over what was left and what was distributed among different entities. Desilu Studios, created from the success of the efforts behind Desilu Productions grew to prominence. It was home to many shows which, like I Love Lucy, would become enduring, timeless and enjoyed by many people from different age bracket and eras and as a show would enjoy various remakes, re-runs and modern adaptations.

Star Trek, which has been a commercial success from its creation until today, was once a television series belonging to Desilu Studios. Another popular and timeless story, Mission Impossible, was also owned by Desilu Studios. Besides these shows, there is also The Andy Griffith Show as well as the Dick Van Dyke Show, among others that flew under the Desilu Studio banner. Besides these television shows, Desilu Productions and Desilu Studios would also be involved in the creation of several different films, some of them financially rewarding while others failed to live up to the expected potential and promise. Films like The Long, Long Trailer shown in 1954 and Yours, Mine and Ours in 1968 were successfully endeavors for Desilu Studios. Other efforts like Forever Darling which was created in Desilu Studios but under Zanra Productions tanked and flopped in the big screen.

Desilu Production was a tool and a vehicle from which the vision of Ball and Arnaz would be realized. This created a strong and solid jump off point towards a career of superstardom that would result in to the transformation of the names Desilu, Lucille Ball, Desi Arnaz and I Love Lucy from mere unknown to iconic and immortal entities in the television and entertainment industry. Ball and Arnaz believed that a television show featuring a couple of mixed ancestral heritage and ethnicity can be a good foundation of a light love story in television. The character of Ball was as a mix of Scottish, Irish as well as American genes in love and married to her husband (the character Ricky Ricardo) who is of Cuban descent who migrated to America for work and change in financial fortune and overall life.

The couple wanted vaudeville comedy as the method and style of the show. They wanted to convince the people at CBS that this show is worth watching and is something that is exciting and entertaining enough to capture the attention of the audience. To get the support of commercial advertisers and be considered as a legitimate well made television sit com, Desilu Productions was created to make the first set of episodes that eventually the CBS executives watched, liked and approved. After some fine tuning aired with the title of I Love Lucy, the Desilu Production retained its role as the production company that would produce the episodes that CBS would air.

Arnaz is an individual who is hardly the icon for entrepreneurship and sound business acumen. What he did in handling and managing Desilu Productions allowed the company to stay afloat for years and be financially stable and capable in earning profit in its many ventures. One of the moves that cemented Arnaz reputation as a man with good business instincts despite not having any educational background in business is when he bought the episodes of I Love Lucy from CBS for low prices.

At the time, reruns are not very popular and no one was expecting reruns to be a financial success. That was when conventional logic, and CBS, was wrong. Underestimating the value of I Love Lucy episodes, CBS agreed to sell it to Arnaz. Arnaz, for his part, was optimistic about the potential financial success of I Love Lucy even when it was just a rerun. True enough, I Love Lucy reruns proved to be a financial success and Desilu Productions was able to enjoy the financial impact of this sound business move by Arnaz.

When Arnaz left Desilu Studios and Desilu Production, he was never completely gone from the show business. He returned with his very own Desi Arnaz Production but still worked with Desilu Studios. One of the projects of Arnazs new company is entitled The Mothers-In-Law which was to be aired at NBC. Efforts at comedy shows as well as adventure series and even legal drama were part of the prospective projects of Desi Arnaz Productions that was to be created alongside Desilu Studios. They were never fully materialized and were not put on air for many different reasons.

During its time and even long after the show was over, many Americans still look back at I Love Lucy as one of the most well-loved television shows in the United States. I Love Lucy managed to create, develop and sustain a show formula that has endeared it to the audience for a long period of time, their popularity displaying the ability to transcend the boundaries of time. When other shows eventually lose their significance and becomes quickly forgotten after going off air, I Love Lucy is still part of the mainstream pop culture consciousness among many Americans and mass media and entertainment enthusiasts.

From being a mere show, I Love Lucy transformed into an icon that represented an era in American television, in the process creating a television show formula that will long be followed and duplicated by other television shows that came after it. The discussion of the significance and rise to popularity of I Love Lucy will be incomplete without the discussion of the history of the show - how and why it was created, when it started airing and when it went off air permanently. There are many milestones and important achievements that I Love Lucy has achieved throughout its years on air being watched by millions of American television viewers worldwide, not to mention the syndicated I Love Lucy shows aired outside of the US.

By the 15th of October in 1951, I Love Lucy aired its first ever episode via CBS. The beginning of the show featured four main characters. There were the Ricardos - Ricky Ricardo and wife Lucy Ricardo, and their friends the Mertz, namely the fictional Fred and Ethel Mertz, played by Vivian Vance and William Frawley. There was also the Ramseys (Betty and Ralph) played by Kathryn Card and Frank Nelson, and other characters like the mother of Lucy. At the start of the show, the sitcom moved in a very simple yet entertaining plot. The couple is trying to deal with day to day concerns and issues often resulting from Lucys desire to be in the show business to which Ricky is not very fond of, since Lucy is hardly a singer, dancer or actress.

Ricky, for his part, was a talented musician. Lucy is playful and often ends up with antics that creates the exciting and entertaining twists and turns in the story which, at the end of the episode, is easily resolved largely because of the character traits of the couple and the presence of the Mertzes as well. Lucy, and sometimes Ricky too, explores life and ends up in situations which they try to wriggle out from especially when it is not to their liking or not what they expected.

The couple often ends up in trouble and confusion over the things that they pursue during an episode, like what happened to Lucy in job switching episode. The show started strong, garnering audience patronage and support in its first two seasons. Many aspects and components found at the start of the show endured during the entire six year long run of I Love Lucy. Examples are themes of love and domestic harmony at home, the urban lifestyle in America represented by the lives of the Ricardos and the Mertzes, and Lucys personality as the ideal fun, sweet, devoted, caring and adorable wife and mother.

The show started with just enough budgets. Over time, it has become profitable. The initial success and popularity of the show paved the way for the entry of many commercial sponsors from car brands to cigarettes. Over the years, there were new additional characters like the couples child, as well as other characters that appeared temporarily or over a long period of time over several different seasons. After many different plots, twists and turns in the personal lives of the lead and supporting characters in the show, the six-year long run of I Love Lucy finally came to an end on the 6th of May in 1957.

I Love Lucy was loved by the American people and even non-American audience. Even when the I Love Lucy was over, the clamor resulted to the creation of a new show that featured the Ball-Arnaz love team in the shows The Lucille Ball-Desi Arnaz Show and the The Lucy-Desi Comedy Hour. In the history of the show I Love Lucy, it has made many remarkable feats. For example, I Love Lucy managed to sustain its popularity. Proof of it is the fact that in all but two seasons, I Love Lucy managed to come out as the most watched television show. In terms of impact and popularity, I Love Lucy surpassed the achievements of Milton Berle. It was the top-rated show in the nation for four of its six full seasons. I Love Lucy is also proof of the belief that it is important to come out on top. When the show went off air, it was still the most watched television show and was enjoying the top position in television show ratings.

More than fifty years after it went off air and after many different television show formats have become popular and present in mainstream television including reality TV, many people still crave for the humor and entertainment value of the show I Love Lucy. Because of that, I Love Lucy is still being syndicated and distributed (legally and illegally) all across the globe, most of it containing dubbing of the local language. The rise to popularity of I Love Lucy and the ability of I Love Lucy to sustain its popularity is based on many things. First, there is the simple fact that the type of humor the show provides is very light and entertaining and wholesome.

Second, there is the television factor. By the time I Love Lucy was aired, the American audience was just starting to get used to being entertained by television. Commercial production of television is improving and widening, reaching more audience and creating a bigger audience margin. The Second World War was over. The people and the economy was bouncing back and recovering. As a result people were able to afford commercially made television and tune in to shows. At that time, appetite for television show is strong and robust. The market is hardly saturated, which made television show appreciation very strong. When combined with the natural qualities of I Love Lucy as a show, it was a potent mix that can result in the creation of an iconic television sitcom that many people will enjoy and remember for many years. There is also the fact that the life of Lucy and Ricardo is something that many people strove or wanted. Watching it on television makes it more enjoyable and exciting. Many individuals wanted to have a husband like Ricky, or wife like Lucy, or a neighbor like the Mertzes, or a family life like that of the Ricardos.

Lastly, there is also the factor of innovation. I Love Lucy is important and significant today because of how the show was, in its own right and in selected aspects, an innovator in style and method in producing television sitcom shows. While awards shows and award giving bodies can be overrated at times and is subjected to criticisms regarding Hollywood politics and power-play, still, it is the best indicator on who and what is and will remain significant in Hollywood and in entertainment television. For TV, one of the most highly respected award giving bodies is The Emmy Awards, or simply the Emmys.

For the show I Love Lucy, the Emmys awarded the show with five recognitions and many different nominations during its run for several years. Twice, I Love Lucy was named best situation comedy (sit-comsitcom), winning the prestigious accolade back-to-back in 1953 and again in 1954. Ball was awarded the Best Comedienne award in 1953 while the following year saw Balls co-star and partner-in-crime (in the story) Vivian Vance getting the Best Series Supporting Actress. Two years later, Ball would receive another Emmy, this time in the category Best Actress for Continuing Performance resulting from her performance in I Love Lucy. The show would have 17 different Emmy nominations focused on the production of the show and the performance of the characters individually. Besides award giving bodies, another way to gauge the importance of a television show is through the recognition of important entities and institutions of the importance and significance of the show. For I Love Lucy, different media entities from TV Guide to the respected and reputable Time Magazine named the show I Love Lucy as one of the all-time best in the United States. The American broadsheet Washington Post also added another citation to the many different awards the show I Love Lucy has received. The Washington Post named the show three years ago (in 2007) as one of the best when it comes to rerun shows featured in American television. This is proof that despite the many new things in television and the rise of many different new formats and shows on TV, for some reason I Love Lucy has managed to retain its charisma. People still love and enjoy it even when they werent even alive at the height of the original popularity of the show and its two main characters Ball and Arnaz.

The significance of the show includes the fact that I Love Lucy was able to stay on top for most of the time during its run in television. The wide clamor and demand for reruns of a show that was created more than fifty years ago is testament to the longevity and timelessness of the show, the role of I Love Lucy in promoting the style of filming in front of a studio audience, and the iconic status of I Love Lucy as a show. It has prevailed in the consciousness of the people and in modern entertainment culture that traces, remnants, vestiges. Parts of I Love Lucy are still found in many of todays movies and television shows. I Love Lucy represents a particular era in the television history in the United States and in the history of entertainment in the country. I Love Lucy... define the decade. The success of I Love Lucy was considered as proof that in modern television, there is a tendency and a practice wherein successful formulas are often repeated in the hope that it can also create the same result. Although this is true for selected cases, it is also never a 100 per cent guarantee since there can also be other factors that can affect success from happening. Nonetheless, I Love Lucy provided a template for success in television that many companies followed. Perhaps the most important significance of the show is that it touched the hearts and lives of many different people. Audience fell in love with I Love Lucy, with the Ricardos and the Mertzes, their way of life and how they entertain the people and how their lives are, in one way or another, a reflection of the life and struggles of the audience. This made the audience relate all the more to the show and its plot. This is the key in making a show significant because this will be one of the main reasons for its success and longevity.

One of the enduring characteristics and contribution of Desilu as a production company and studio corporate entity is Desilus impact in the way the company produced television shows and how its innovation had significantly impacted the entertainment and television industry in Hollywood and in the rest of the world. This changed the way they produced their shows and changed television production forever. Hollywood movie and television show production historians and analysts believe that Desilu is an innovator because of the style that they helped in promoting. In the past, the trend especially in television production involves a production process that is something like this the cast and crew would assemble in a studio, often outside Hollywood like in New York. There, the actors will act their parts in front of a single camera which, technically and ideally, acts as the perspective of the viewer. In comedic instances, the technical crew would have to use canned music or canned applause. This means it is recorded to make the necessary auditory components of the show.

They shoot in kinescope, or in a 35 mm film. With Desilu, what they did was they made variations, variations in production style which is not a Desilu original concept in its entirety. There are previous shows before Desilu that experimented with it. In Desilus filming of I Love Lucy, they opted for multiple cameras that can provide different angles and perspectives that can excite the audience and provide a fresh approach to filming. Instead of filming in New York, they set up in Hollywood. Instead of a canned applause or laughter, Desilu invited guests on the set to watch the show. When they laughed on parts that are supposed to be funny, it created an authentic and genuine laughter that sounds better than canned applause or canned laughter. Desilu also opted for the use of the 35 millimeter film every time it shoots I Love Lucy episode. The advantage of this filming style is that the output is suitable for many different broadcast set up and the output is also easily edited during post production for minor changes. Because of the quality of the taped episode, Desilu was able to immediately syndicate and distribute copies in many different locations, which improved their sales, considering the fact that the show per se is something that many audience groups nationwide and worldwide enjoyed watching. However, there are also other things that Desilu production also promoted which is still being used today.

For example, the inclusion of brands that supported the show like cigarette brands and car companies and other entities is very prominent in I Love Lucy, incorporating it often in the opening billboard of the show. This is something that is still seen today as a practice that results to income for the production outfit, albeit with more subtlety this time around. The hard sell, straight promotion of brand and image is replaced by more subtle promotion in the show through the consistent use of products as part of the normal everyday life. Today, many television sit com production styles still in practice are attributed to Desilu. They may not be the first to conceptualize and use this style, but they are the ones who popularized it because they managed to be able to be successful from these styles.

The importance and significance as well as the popularity of I Love Lucy can never be overstated. It transcended eras and generations. It displayed longevity, timelessness and created an iconic love team that has made its mark in the American television and entertainment industry. The faces behind the main characters in this show  that of Lucille Ball (Lucy Ricardo) and Desi Arnaz (Ricky Ricardo) also became important in the American show business industry, first as the people responsible for I Love Lucy, and later on as actor and actress and producers that also influenced Hollywood in many different ways. As for Desilu Productions, it completed the trinity (show, actor and actress and production outfit) that was responsible for I Love Lucy. Like the actors and actresses, Desilu Productions also showed that it was capable in moving on after I Love Lucy and to impact Hollywood in different ways which are considered even until today as important by historians of the American television, film and entertainment industry.

Jerry Maguire, the 1996 movie that was distributed by TriStar Pictures Gracie Films and starred Tom Cruise, is a film especially teeming with numerous examples of listening responses and the obstacles associated with successful listening practices.  Several conversations in the said film were truly depictive of examples of these kinds that other than making the film successful in its purpose of conveying its message, it also served as a prime candidate for advancing case studies on the principles encompassed in listening and its subsequent response

Jerrys work, that of a sports agent for a multi-million dollar corporation, has necessitated for him to deal with his athlete clientele with a sense of deception.  This had been apparent in his demeanor as he speaks with them on the phone, often times interrupting his clients in the middle of their sentences in order for him to express his point.  Apparently, even though he hears every word that his client says, he intentionally ignores their case.  His only concern was for him to overpower his client in their arguments for the advancement of his own career as an agent.  This kind of behavior that Jerry exhibits is typical for those with ulterior motives.  They pretend to hear every side of an argument, when in reality they had already decided on what stance to take, and on exactly how to achieve them.  Jerry, it seems, was not really concerned on the emotions of his clients, but only in the assurance that he will be able to represent them in their professional dealings.  

In direct contrast to Jerrys passive form of listening is Dorothy Boyds sincere and attentive type.  All throughout the film, she has displayed this characteristic by intently listening on the true meaning of what the others are saying.  She seemed to understand not only the logic behind what the speaker is trying to convey, but also the emotions that are attached in the words used by others.  The most evident instances wherein she had displayed this characteristic were during the conversations between Jerry and her little boy, Ray.  Here, her understanding seemed to go beyond the words spoken in Jerry she feels his fatherly love for her son, and from Ray, a sons admiration for a father figure.  From these observations, she was able to correctly perceive the beginnings of a special bond between Jerry and Ray, even though this reality was never verbally spoken.  Perhaps Dorothy possesses this type of an effective listening technique because of her sensitivity to the emotions of other people, plus the advantage of having to be a single parent who had been striving to be the best mother to her son.  

Another interesting type of listening practice and the corresponding response that results from this is the manner that was characteristic of Rod Tidwell.  His was consistently on the emotionally-hyped side, bordering either on racial or societal issues.  No matter how subtle the manner information is given to him, he seemed to find a way to make it sound arrogant and offensive.  Perhaps this was the reason why he had always found himself in heated arguments with whoever he was speaking with.  It was, for him, a defense mechanism born out of the feeling that he had been deprived of multi-million dollar offers primarily because of his color and a rather short stature for his chosen sport.

Lastly, the characteristics displayed by Ray, despite of being a mere child, were exceptional.  His observation on Rod while speaking with him on the phone, where he stated, Rod, you talk too much (Crowe, 1996), and his understanding of her mothers love for Jerry without being told, had clearly displayed his gift of being able to understand clearly another persons unspoken thoughts.  He possesses an innocence coupled with sensitivity and honesty in saying his responses to the things that he had heard.  In most probability, this was the result of her mothers incomparable love for him and in being constantly in the company of adults in his home, effecting in him to possess of listening capabilities and a formation of response that is much ahead of his age.

Introduction and Objectives
Cellular phones, satellite television, walkie-talkies, car radios, GPS, and baby monitors all rely on radio waves (Brain, 2010). An understanding of how those equipments work entails an understanding of radio waves. One of the most effective ways to learn about how things work is by building them from scratch. As a point of departure, we propose the building a crystal radio, the simplest form of radio that requires no power source (eHow, 2010).

The objectives of this project are two-fold 1.) to build a crystal radio with the help of existing do-it-yourself articles. 2.) to experiment and make modifications for its further improvement.

A possible problem to be faced is with, in the experiment is that output audio signals will be of low amplitude. This means that the radio users may have difficulty hearing the radio broadcasts clearly.
Hypothesis

Incorporating an audio amplifier in the crystal radio may increase the amplitude of the output audio and thus improve audio quality.

Materials
Part A Basic Crystal Radio
The following are the basic materials essential for the project 1.) one 16 oz. sturdy plastic bottle which is five to seven inches long 2.) 50 ft. 22-18 gauge enamel-coated magnet wire 3.) one germanium diode which will serve as the crystal diode 4.) a telephone handset 5.) one set of alligator clipsjumpers 6.) 50-100 ft. stranded insulated wire which will serve as antenna (eHow, 2010).

Part B Modifying the Crystal Radio
Multimeter
Amplifier
The following materials may be of help in the creation of the project 1.) masking tape 2.) 6 in. by 9 in. wooden mounting board.

Procedure
Part A Basic Crystal Radio (eHOw, 2010)
Make two holes 0.5 inch apart near the top of the bottle. Similarly do two more in the bottom. The holes should only be slightly larger than the wire.

Pull approximately 8 inches of wire and insert and thread it through the bottom holes. Use the long end of the wire and wrap it around the bottle five times keeping each round close to previous one. Make a loop of wire around a pencil. Temporarily leave the pencil in place.

Make another loop of wire by winding another five times as done earlier. Keep wrapping the bottle with wire by making winding with five turns at a time making a loop around the pencil every five turns made around the bottle. This is done until the whole bottle is completely wrapped in wire down to the second set of holes at the bottom. Trim the end of the wire to 8 inches and thread it through the two bottom holes.

Once the bottle is completely wrapped in wire, the pencil can be removed. Strip the insulation from the tips of the enameled wire and from the small loops or taps made around the pencil. The insulation from vinyl-coated wire is to be removed.

The germanium diode should be soldered to the bottom of the wire. Use alligator jumpers, or twist the wires and tape them. Soldering however is the best option.

Cut the end off the telephone handset cord and then remove one of the modular connectors and find four wires inside. Solder the German diode to either the yellow or black wire. Solder the other wire which is yellow or black and solder it to the wire at the top of the bottle.

Find a ground and attach an antenna to the radio. The antenna can be an insulated wire that should be as high and long as possible. The ground can be made by connecting to a water pipe, or to a metal rod that is pounded at least 2 ft. into the ground.

Clip an alligator jumper to one of the taps on the coil and clip the other end of the antenna. Join a second alligator clip to the wire at the top of the bottle (the ground wire.) Listen to different radio stations on the telephone handset by clipping the alligator to the other taps on the coil.

Part B
Part of the experiment and the research is to determine where the amplifier is to be incorporated in the circuit. Once the amplifier is attached, multimeters may be used to measure changes in output amplitudes. A qualitative observation on the sound quality may also be made by the researcher.

Perhaps one of the most controversial issues concerning American people today is whether to legalize drug use or uphold the Prohibition campaign of the government. Despite claims of the government that the use of drugs contribute to the commission of crime and violence, Anti Prohibition advocates argue that the coercive measures of the government in its War on Drugs is more likely to be accountable in the propagation of drug related crimes and violence.

Prohibition worsens and escalates crimes and violence and apparently proves to be futile rather than a solution to the problem. It tends to victimize and jeopardize civil rights and liberties rather than saving and protecting them. It contributes largely to poverty, grave abuse of human rights and infringement of private life. Robert W. Sweet, a federal judge strongly agrees that the prohibition campaign is disastrous rather than helpful by stating that, The present policy of trying to prohibit the use of drugs through the use of criminal law is a mistake.

According to the report sponsored by the New York County Lawyers Association, the present drug policy appears to contribute to the increase of violence in our communities. It does so by permitting and in did, causing the drug trade to remain a lucrative source of economic opportunities for street dealers, drug kingpins and all those willing to engage in the often violent, illicit, black market trade . Thus, the drug Prohibition campaign of the government has only constituted to underground, illegal drug operation, whereby crime and violence is indispensable to ensure that the activity withstands the harsh provisions and executions of the law. It has only provided reasons for drug anarchy, elusiveness and invincibility of the drug trading system.

The Prohibitions of drugs even contributes if not deliberately supports serious crimes of terrorism. Andreas von Bulow and Milton Friedman admit that almost every serious crime of terrorism is funded by illegal drugs but the Prohibition cannot reduce the existence of such. Some evidences confirm that drugs is a major source of income of some terrorist organization. Even government agencies and officials have been caught trafficking drugs to finance US-supported terrorist actions in events such as the Iran-Contra affair. The Prohibition of drugs has made terrorism a product of conspiracy between involved government officials and terrorist organization where Prohibition has reduced legal oversight to the movement of drugs and its use in terroristic activities.

Prohibition has made drugs vulnerable for the use of worst commissions of crimes and violence against humanity and sovereignty. Legalizations of drugs could have offered humane, just and peaceful opportunities. Resorting to terrorism to perpetuate drugs could have been avoided if the demand and supply of drugs is provided and regulated by laws with respect to the rights of consumers for responsible consumption.

The underground operation of drugs in the market has made drugs an expensive demand creating condition for drug users to commit crime in order to obtain money to compensate with the high price of drugs in the black market ( Duke 115). If drugs would be legalized, the logical tendency is that the price would be cheaper refraining drug users from committing crime to avail drugs in a legal market hence, reducing crimes related to drug use (Kane 155). Prohibition certainly does not reduce crime on the contrary, it promotes crime when no legal remedy is offered.

The drug Prohibition campaign of the government creates economic problems consequently creating conditions of poverty. Billions of dollars of tax payers money are being wasted in a campaign that is basically impotent, futile and absurd. The Prohibition defeats its purpose.

Jeffrey A. Miron, a senior lecturer in Economics at Harvard University, states that Prohibition is a drain in the public purse. Federal, state and local governments spend roughly forty-four billion dollars (44 billion) per year to enforce drug Prohibition. These same governments forego roughly thirty three billion dollars (33 billion) per year in tax revenue they could collect from legalized drugs, assuming these were taxed at rates similar to those on alcohol and tobacco. Under Prohibition, these revenues accrue to traffickers as increase profits.  Miron further states that, the right policy, therefore, is to legalize drugs.

Prohibition is an evident manifestation of incorrect allocation of budget. It is tantamount to expensive use of budget only to support the worsening of crimes and violence. The vast amount of money wasted should have been used in the development of basic social services. If only these billions of dollars of tax payers money were properly used for the improvement of educational services, more youth could have had good access to quality education. If only these billions of dollars were used in improving health services, more lives could have been saved and diseases could have been cured. If only these billions of dollars were used in the creation of jobs, more people could have been employed and more families could have enjoyed life with enough food, shelter and clothing. It could have reduced crimes and violence resulting from illiteracy, inadequacy of health services and poverty.
The government has abandoned what is necessary and basic. It has wasted money for people to suffer. It has neglected what is primary and engaged itself in a war that is unjust. It has complicated problems with superficial approach rather than confronting the main issues and interest of its people. It has violated basic rights and killed people in the name of war on drugs. The Prohibition of drugs is a mistake enforced in a guise being unmasked now as a mere treachery.

The Prohibition campaign proves itself as an institutionalized arm for racial discrimination. The war on drugs in the United States is enforced unequally to implicate non- whites. The full force of the law and its harsh penalty is directed more often to non-whites than whites. The poor are also more harshly penalized than middle and upper classes.

 The Prohibition is evidently being enforced to suppress races and classes that are in the forefront of struggle for equality, justice and liberty. Hence, the Prohibition is being used to politically coerce races and classes that are staunchly criticizing government policies and programs that are deemed to violate human rights, aggress sovereignty of nations asserting self determination and suppress national democratic struggle in American-controlled states.

The Prohibition has legitimized infringement of individual and collective rights by deceiving Americans in its War Against Terror campaign. Prohibition has allowed the law and its agencies to exercise pre-emptive measures to subject dissidents to a drug-related searches, arrest and seizures even when the nature and act of protest is just and valid exercise of political rights.

The drug Prohibition campaign is apparently a major component of the War Against Terror which according to critics is a war that perpetuates the United States world hegemony and imperialist plunder. According to former president George W. Bush (2001), if you quit drugs, you join the fight against terror in America. It is for this war in terror that the Prohibition campaign has escalated, targeting, criminalizing and intimidating races and classes that are protesting the war against terror. The Prohibition campaign is being utilized to suppress legitimate protests.

The Prohibition campaign is categorically, by its social implication, a clear act of terrorism. The intent of the war against terror and the Prohibition campaign should be exposed to awaken mass action to call for correct policies and programs that are essentially inconformity to peoples rights, democratic interest and freedom.

The legalization of drug use is necessary to reduce crime and violence committed by individuals and the state. The Prohibition of drugs stands in contrary to the principles of liberty, freedom, peace, sovereignty and justice. Miron (2009) states that, it is impossible to reconcile respect for individual liberty with drug Prohibition. The United States has been at the forefront of this puritanical policy for almost a century, with disastrous consequences at home and abroad.

The government will certainly ensure all necessary means to stop the drug legalization campaign. Advocates against drug prohibition may experience intimidation and isolation tactics and be considered criminals advocating iniquity and lawlessness. However, with sound foundations and principles supporting the legalization campaign, the prohibition campaign will reveal itself as a dogmatic imposition of law based on speculations rather truth.

 The Prohibition of drugs could only thrive in a society where the rights of people do not exist. But in the society where the struggle for peoples rights determines human existence, we commit to legalize drugs in order to affirm that our rights and our existence are not denied but rather enjoyed.

Goals of the drug legalization campaign
The Drug legalization campaign will create alternatives to the drug war that are grounded in justice, freedom, peace, sovereignty, progress and human rights. It seeks all means to eradicate crimes and violence resulting from coercive implementation of drug war policy. It will unite with all human rights advocates to eliminate racial discrimination and all forms of state violation of human rights resulting from unequal treatment of the law. It will push amendments to rechannel government budget to basic social services for the benefit of the American people rather than wasting money in the enforcement of the Prohibition campaign. It encourages respect of people and nations rights for self determination without intimidation and aggression in the name of war against terrorism and war against drugs. It will catalyze social progress by supporting liberation of scientific researches focused in the discovery of benefits from drugs for the development of health and sciences. The drug legalization would implement broad education and awareness campaign regarding the social implications of the drug war policy and create actions supporting the legalization of drug use.

The goals of the Drug Legalization campaign must at all time be based on the universal principles of human rights for the establishment of society where justice and peace is realized. The goals are intended to address basic, timely and strategic issues rather than superficial ones that tend to create misconception, differences and enmity among the American people.

Target Audience of the Drug Legalization Campaign and Their Characteristics
The drug legalization campaign calls the youth, immigrants, workers, civil libertarians, educators, professionals, government officials and oppressed people of America to assert individual and collective rights by organizing themselves to fight against the Prohibition campaign and all evils resulting from its enforcement. They have been victims of state violation of their rights in the guise of drug war campaign. They are the necessary and potential audience for a reasonable and timely call for change. They are progressive, assertive, open-minded, principled and optimistic. Their unity will make them overcome.

Resistance to the drug legalization campaign may come from underground drug syndicates and their cohorts, government officials benefitting from the operation, clerical and other religious dogmas and other unaware sectors of the society. Many may apathetically respond to the issue but the drug legalization campaign must continue without compromise and doubt. It must maximize all forms of massive information dissemination to reach all target audience of the campaign. It must conduct fora, symposia, lectures and other conducive forms of raising awareness. It must also utilize media exposure to reach the broadest mass of target audience. It must also conduct all forms of generating fund to ascertain the continuing progress of the campaign.

The drug war campaign is an issue concerning everyone. It is everybodys battle. It is not an issue that affects only those who are using drugs but also those who believe that individual rights should be respected. It is a battle for those who act for the advancement of science, economy, politics and culture

We struggle to end the oppression constituted by this incorrect, unjust and inhumane policy of War on Drugs.

The Black Power began as a radical movement intertwined with the Civil Rights Movement and the African-American culture in the 1960s to the 1970s. The Black Power Movement was a militant response to the social issues in culture including oppression, racism, prejudice, slavery, and so on. (Joseph, 8-9) According to McCartney, The Black Power Movement of the 1960s in the United States was seen by most of its advocates as the latest in a series of efforts to correct the injustices that existed in almost every dimension of life between black and white Americans (1).

Thus, the Black Power Movement symbolized radicalism or militancy against white supremacy and the African-American peoples struggles for cultural respect and equality. Since then, the Black Power has continually evolved with the unending changes in society and the societal structure. In modern times, the Black Power symbol is part of the Black popular culture. Many African-Americans have become involved in various causes for Black Power, symbolic of Black culture and the peoples struggles for recognition and equality, such as the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) or the National Urban League (Ogbar, 11). For others, Black Power as a popular culture is also a way of life, which led to modernized and liberal thinking especially for the younger generations that made the symbol suitable to contemporary culture.

The evolution of the Black Power symbol may be explored through a thorough discussion of Symbolic Interactionism (SI). SI may be defined as the study of social interaction which focuses on how people develop their concept of self through processes of communication in which symbols such as words, gestures and dress allow people to understand the expectations of others  (Watson, 34).  The understanding of meaning or messages conveyed in various symbols, thus, depend on the context within which the symbol was used. The socialization process through communication and interaction also determines how individuals perceive the meaning or message behind symbols. (Schnell, 75)  For the remaining sections, the Black Power symbol shall be discussed in order to determine how the use and meaning of the particular symbol has changed through time by integrating thoughts and concepts in SI.

The Evolution of the Black Power Symbol
As previously discussed, the Black Power emerged as a movement in the 1960s by African-Americans in the United States. Prior to the Black Power movement, the US was living in an era of white supremacy wherein society was ruled by a distinction of acceptance and non-acceptance among people based on gender, socio-economic status, and most especially culture. The white culture was the ruling culture, which imposed segregation in society within which rights and privileges were granted to the white people but denied from the African-Americans. For instance, black people were denied the rights to take a place in government even with ample support from the masses, to vote especially in the Southern territories wherein segregation is taken seriously, to obtain the same quality of education enjoyed by white people as schools for both cultures were kept separate, and so on. (Smith, 15)

One of the gravest forms of segregation, which will later be addressed by the US government through the development and implementation of anti-discriminatory laws, was housing segregation. The African-American people had no say about where they will be able to live and build their own houses, although majority of the black population actually distanced themselves from the white people. The unfortunate circumstances that the black people found themselves in were the harshest living conditions and they were denied of the facilities or amenities, and other housing privileges that the white people enjoyed. (Huttman, Saltman,  Blauw, 243). Housing segregation impedes black progress in employment and education. It is a cornerstone in maintaining the two societies, one black, and one white  separate and unequal (Huttman, Saltman,  Blauw, 243).

The unequal and discriminatory treatment of African-Americans however started to change with the Black Power movement, propelled by the Civil Rights Movement. The African-American people lobbied for the recognition of their civil rights and to see the end of white supremacy and segregation. Painter discussed that

During the Black Power era of the late 1960s and early 1970s, masses of African Americans  workers, intellectuals, artists  looked inward. They broke from the prevailing American mind-set of seeing black people as a problem and found beauty and value in blackness. Almost paradoxically, racial separation began to weaken in the 1970s, even as whites vigorously fought desegration (292).

The change brought about by the oneness in thought and unity among the African Americans solidified the meaning of the Black Power, not merely as a movement but also a symbol. The Black Power was a symbol of taking a stand against injustice as African-Americans started claiming their equal rights and privileges as same citizens with the white people. The Black Power was also a symbol of the African-American identity as it has led the way for the black people to embrace their culture and understand their personal identities, beliefs, perspectives, and ideologies from it. Most of all, the Black Power symbolized a new kind of thought or thinking  a liberal perspective that would eventually transform the structure of society. (Painter, 292 Fischer, 364-366)

Black Power meant black people defining themselves positively, regardless of what white people thought. Black Power turned African Americans away from American values, even away from American identity. The phrase Black Power antagonized most white people and dismayed many blacks Fundamentally, however, Black Power meant that African Americans would tend to themselves without paying heed to white people (Painter, 292).

Within the political context alone, the Black Power meant reforming the laws in the US in order to recognize the rights and privileges of African Americans. The result of the Black Power and the Civil Rights Movement was the development of Anti-Discrimination Laws during the 1960s to 1970s. The anti-discrimination laws are presented in Table 1 below.
Table 1
Anti-Discrimination Laws
YearLaw
1964

1965

1967

1968Civil Rights Act  outlawed racial discrimination in employment, in restaurants, hotels and amusement areas, and any bodies receiving government money including schools. The Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) was set up to investigate complaints.
Voting Rights Act  stopped racial discrimination with respect to the right to vote
Supreme Court ruled that state laws forbidding inter-racial marriages were unconstitutional
Civil Rights Act (Fair Housing Act)  made racial discrimination in housing illegal. Source Smith, 16

The laws that were created due to the Black Power movement represent how Black Power symbolized the black peoples attempts to gain leverage over white supremacists. The Black Power was not merely a means to take a stand and call for change, but politically, it means that black people have gained the courage and the will to get into politics. Martin Luther King heralded the black peoples involvement in government, and also marked Black Power as the symbol of faith and hope.
An impressive demonstration of black unity and also white support was the March on Washington on 28 August 1963. More than 250,000 people, including 60,000 whites, marched through the capital to demand guaranteed civil rights for all. On the steps of the Lincoln Memorial, they heard Martin Luther King make an historical speech in which he repeated the worlds, I have a dream over and over again as he described his hopes for racial harmony  (Smith, 16).

Within another perspective, the Black Power also coursed a changed in peoples way of thinking. It seemed that the Black Power has liberated not only the minds of African Americans but other white people as well. Stokely Carmichael defined the Black Power as the start of liberal or non-traditional thinking. The Black Power encouraged African Americans not to let themselves succumb to white supremacy. Gone were the days when African American slaves and laborers would bow down to their fate determined by the force and dominance of the white people. Gone were the days of tolerance when African Americans silently slaved and labored without complaining and judging white people. Carmichael said, Our concern for black power addressed itself directly to this problem, the necessity to reclaim our history and our identity from the cultural terrorism and depredation of self-justifying white guilt (Carmichael, 76).

The primary question then would be, why, after all the years of slavery and injustice, African Americans would suddenly choose to participate in the Black Power movement. The theory of Symbolic Interactionism (SI) may be applied to explain how the change came about. SI is a theory in communication and sociology t that looks into the development of personality and perspectives based on social interaction. Symbolic interactionists focus on social interaction and related concepts of self-awareness reflexive thinking, symbols, and negotiated order Symbolic interactionists ask, How do involved parties experience, interpret, influence, and respond to what they and others are doing while interacting  (Ferrante, 36). Furthermore, the following concepts are some of the ideas or thoughts that symbolic interactionists consider in understanding how individuals establish their personality through social interaction.

Self-awarenessreflexive thinking the process of observing and evaluating the self from anothers viewpoint. During interaction, people interpret the actions, appearances, motives and words, of those with whom they are interacting. At the same time, they imagine how others view their actions, evaluate their appearance, attach meaning to their motives, and interpret their words.

Symbols physical phenomena (such as a word, an objective, a color, a sound, a feeling, an odor, a piece of jewelry, a gesture, or a bodily movement) to which assign a name, meaning, or value.
Negotiated Order the sum of existing and newly negotiated expectations, rules, policies, agreements, understandings, pacts, contracts, and other working arrangements.

Source Ferrante, 36-37
The shared experiences among the African Americans heralded the change in their perspectives and way of thinking. It should be noted that violence brought about by discrimination has increased alarmingly that African Americans began to wonder what it was about them that warranted such undeserved responses or reactions from white supremacists. Sentiments of fear, anger, resentment, and such bonded African Americans together leading to the development of the Black Power movement. Later on, symbols were attached to the Black Power cause including the following

The symbols above invoked images of strength and courageousness, of fighting back, taking a stand, and gaining power. Later on, the ideals and symbols that the Black Power movement represented would change given the circumstances in modern life. If during the Civil Rights Movement, the Black Power represented the color of the African American people, today, it means success by an African American shared by his or her people.

Back in the day, black power was about the symbols, not the benjamins. Black leather jackets and black berets. Dashikis and towering Afros. Raised, clenched fists. Defiant shouts Black is beautiful Power to the people (Edwards, 188)

At present time, however, black power means succeeding for African Americans career-wise, and being present in various fields or industries, being patronized or idolized, praised and followed, and so on. Edwards (188-190) has discussed how the black power, as a symbol, changed from images of strength, courageousness, change, recognition and acceptance, political involvement, and so on, to success, fame, and widespread influence. Edwards (188- 190) emphasized how the African American mentality, at present time, include efforts to be recognized and to continually prove themselves to society. Little by little, African Americans have taken over various segments of society and fields of industries. Edwards (188-190) based her assumptions on the Forbes Celebrity 100 list in 2001 wherein 26 of the individuals listed were blacks.

Indeed, the Black Power at present time, symbolizes the African American efforts for integration to society, a modern means of abolishing age-old segregation and non-acceptance among white and black people. Now, African Americans are within the same playing fields as white people, able to teach, run businesses, work as CEOs or leaders in organization, influence other people through music, perform in liberal arts, and so on. Therefore, Black Power now symbolizes a way of life, in which society accepts African Americans without doubts and prejudices and acknowledges their knowledge, talents, and contributions to society.

One of the best examples stated by Edwards (188-190) was the high influence of African American music artists and performers to Americans, white or black. Furthermore, African Americans are widely visible in media outlets, such as the radio, television, newspapers, magazines, and so on. The increasing popularity and the familiarity of people to the African American culture, as conveyed in popular media, has changed the perspectives of people toward them. The Black Power is indeed symbolizing the power, success, and fame that African Americans may achieve alongside white people.

Based on the concept of SI, the change in the way that Black Power is perceived was also brought about by shared experiences and the influence of the external environment toward African Americans. It was true that the Black Power movement in the past sought to change the structure of society through the implementation of equal laws and the recognition of rights and privileges for African Americans. Now that people are more liberal and accepting of culture and that African Americans are most likely being provided with equal treatment, it has become time for the black people to move on and to look for various avenues to exhibit black power, by displaying their capabilities in terms of their knowledge, skills, talent, competencies, etc. (Samuels, 2008)

The more open interaction between the black and white people nowadays has also restructured Black Power within a different meaning of equality. If equality meant being awarded equal rights and privileges as granted by laws, at present time, equality means for African Americans to be able to show their capacity to rival the successes and achievements of white people. The best example for this would be the presidency of Barack Obama. Throughout Obamas campaign, historic events that have been painful to recall for African Americans were remembered and emphasized. The causes supported by Obama were also within the lines of racial or cultural acceptance and equality, and such. When Obama won the presidency, people and the media emphasized that Obama was the first black president of the US. The emphasis on the relationship between Obamas success and race meant how gaining equality through gaining success has been highly important to the African American people. (Samuels, 2008)

Overall, the primary difference between the Black Power symbol in the past and at present time was that African Americans sought for freedom and equal rights before. However, at present time, African Americans are looking into exercising or taking advantage of their freedom and rights in order to become successful, which represents modern Black Power.

Unlike stock market, which at least shuts down for a few hours a day, the Internet operates on a 24hour basis. It is a new technology with a different realm than most of us are used to dealing with in our daily lives. With its constant change at a rapid pace, what is new in one moment can be out-of-date within a matter of hours, sometimes even minutes. However, Internet availability for visitation on a 24 hour basis makes it vulnerable for attacks for example, web site break-ins and email viruses which are carried out by amateur hackers, fraudsters and other cyber terrorists.

New laws to protect privacy on the internet have been prepared by the state legislatures, and the time has come to push for their passage. Protection is needed because cyber terrorists are destroying the Internet privacy of the computer users by breaking-in websites and developing email viruses and because Laws on privacy on the internet are particularly undeveloped and offers little privacy protection relevant to Internet providers.

No one can deny that lack of Protection on Internet privacy has caused crime destruction called cyber terrorism as governments around the world have termed it. Most of them still do not understand how to deal with it nor do they comprehend the extent of destruction that can be brought on by cyber terrorists. In 1980s, this decade subsequently ushered in the era of malware (software designed to infiltrate a computer system without the owners informed consent) marking the first virus, named Brain in 1986 as well as the infamous Morris worm in 1988. The Computer Fraud and Abuse Act were instituted in 1986 and for the first time, a compute hacker, Kelvin Poulsen, was featured on Americas most wanted. Poulsen was finally arrested in 1991, after spending several years as a fugitive. (quoted from Symantec).

In 1990s brought about with it the dawn of the modern information security industry. Notable threats witnessed during this decade included the Michelangelo virus, Melissa and the Concept. Distributed denial of service attacks and bots that made it possible were also born such as Trin00, and Tribal Flood network. Beyond malware, the attacks by fraudsters, aimed their efforts at stealing users credentials. (Jackson, 21).

Expert testimony, public opinion suggests that lack of protection in the Internet privacy is dangerous. Francis Bents, an expert on the Internet privacy estimates that between 500 and 1000 times in a year, there emerge the web break-ins and the email viruses which appear almost all the time. The computer users receive threats over 80, in a survey done by Kippley James.

Scientific research confirms that the laws offer little privacy protection. In June 1988, the federal Trade Commission issued a report to Congress on Internet privacy. It found protections to be scarce. Of 1,400 websites surveyed, only 14 provided any notice of their information collection practices. Only 2 posted a comprehensive privacy policy that users could view.

Laws passed by countries and towns have had some effects, but it makes more sense to legislate at the state level. Local laws are not likely to have an impact of state laws. Protection for privacy on the Internet is particularly undeveloped, even in comparison to other fields that have been the subject of recent public debate, such as medical records or financial documents. Few states have addressed the issue. The lack of effective government oversight results from a number of factors. The Internet is relatively new. Its application continues to evolve at a fast speed. The Internet remains unfamiliar to many and the misappropriation of information are beginning to lead to additional governmental monitoring and scrutiny such as the free flowing nature of the Internet.  Efforts to restrict the flow of information will face fierce opposition when the free flowing nature of the Internet is seen as an integral to its success. (Sanger 67).

Some Internet Computer users claim that, tough laws implemented and regulated would give them security in their work and businesses and their surfing would not cost them their privacy. In Australia, for example, the number of cyber terrorism fell to 60 between 1997 to 2001, when the Australian coalition of privacy rights commence and academic groups commenced a campaign for fair privacy laws. (Stock well 32).

Research done by the Buffalo school of informatics recommend a few steps that can help the Internet users to interrupt the stream of information about the users and their habits that flows through unintended channels. The users should get into the habit of regularly clearing out their cookies (files that websites save to your hard drive) and cache (an area where browsers store data and graphics to make Web pages load more quickly). Both can e cleared easily in most browsers, such as Fire fox, Internet Explorer and Netscape. Navigate through menu items to adjust the Internet preferences to control the handling of cookies. (quoted from Gotlieb 245). The user must realize that they cannot control everything and they should always sign off their work after they have finished. By getting to know the firewalls (is a part of a computer system or network that is designed to block unauthorized access while permitting authorized communications. When activated, firewalls help the users to keep hackers, viruses and computer worms from accessing their information or altering their hard drive. The New laws should e tough enough to regulate privacy in the Internet and to ensure that the cyber terrorists are caught and punished. The states legislature should prepare a report and recommendations as to the extent to which new laws are necessary to protect the public from unlawful conduct on the Internet.

Because of mounting public awareness of the dangers of the cyber terrorism, committed by the Internet users, and the importance of protection of Internet Privacy, state legislators must begin to take the problem seriously.  Privacy is primarily an ethical issue. ( quoted from Stockwell).  The users themselves should think of ethics which are the standard of moral conduct. We are all entitled to ethical treatment and this includes the right to keep personal information, from getting to the wrong hands. (quoted in Gotlieb 260). The time has come for states in the world to adapt legislation in providing security for the internet users by fighting these cyber terrorists by for instance, using firewalls, antivirus software to keep them from attacking information and punishing the cyber terrorists.