Communications and Media

The world carries ones body. The body carries the self while the self carries the world. If this is the case, then one may be compelled to ask where the world is and his or her position in it if it is also within the self. The unit of analysis of comprehending how human worlds are meaningful is not the individual in isolation but nor the world in itself but rather the serial dialogic transaction between the self and the world. I am in the world and the world is also in me. Together, each expands or limits the other. The question of how one can find his way in the world as perceived and the world as known and comprehended is a problem of navigating the humanized and human society. We construct and humanized the world. We also establish symbolic worlds that are developmentally founded in the world as we view it and move in it. The individualized symbolic worlds not only contain us but are also us. Whatever they are, we are. The concept of me encompasses my-self and my world. My self plays a very specific role in my world. It defines my course. My self in this sense is among other things a locative system. In this regard, it is organized with parts, changes and functions.

The idea of location as it refers to the self can be conceived in two general senses. There is the being in place and the idea of location that influences how the self is thought and referred to, and the degree to which these ways of thinking and talking about self establishes the reality of self as it is considered and talked about. This paper deals with the second sense.

The construction of the self occurs within a particular environment. Central to this construction is beliefs. Our system of belief is fundamental to the construction of identity. How we handle ourselves and what we encounter on our travel through life basically depend on our beliefs about ourselves, our world and the world of others. Beliefs are acquired system and what we believe is dependent on our culture.

The view that the individual self is constructed within culture based on shared cultural resources is a subject that has received wide consensus. Culture is critical in the formation of not only the self but also of identity. However, this does not imply that the role of various other important factors such as genetic in influencing dimensions of our lives is overlooked. According to Couldry (2000, p.34), cultural resources implies a broad range of things including language, the manner in which we hold and use our bodies, ethical codes and imaginative realms, ways in which we conceive of ourselves as unique persons, among other things.

However, even though there is much agreement concerning the view that the self is constructed within culture, there are still difficult issues that need exploration. Such questions include the degree to which what is referred to as the individual self is a single consistent entity and whether the forms of culture or cultural formations that people are assumed to belong are indeed stable and consistent entities.

The Individual Concept of Self
We all exist through time like every other thing does. Things happen in sequences. However, as opposed to any other thing, humans have the ability to remember occurrences especially those that they were directly involved. This is an important thing in the sense that past events not only influence the present but that the individual who experiences them explicitly constructs them. Such reconstructions are instances of episodic memory. If the events that are remembered appear to have played an important role in the life of the actor, it becomes an autobiographical memory and may consequently form part of a life narrative. The importance of life narratives lie in the fact that they are one of the ways through which the self can be defined.

The aim of this paper is to explore how the self is constructed by culture, social environment and historical events. Of much importance in this analysis is the role of life narratives. Life narratives are in most cases defined as if they are the only ingredients of the self. According to Neisser and Fivush (1994, p.46), life narratives are the foundation of personal identity and self understanding that are important in addressing the question of the self. The claim extends further than this. Knowledge of the self heavily depends on perception, conceptualization, and private experiences as well as the narrative (ibid, 49).

Even when individuals strive to provide accurate accounts of self narratives, what is normally remembered may not be just what happened.  There is need to differentiate between actual events, the event as it was experienced by the individual, and the act of remembering the event. The various categories involved in autobiographical memory according to Neissser and Fivush (1994,p.56) are the actual past events and the historical self who took part in the events, the events as they were experienced then which included the individuals perception of self at the time, the remembering self, the and remembered self constructed during that occasion. Self narratives do not entirely depend on episodic memory. Individuals often start narratives with their own birth even though they have no memory of it. At times, they begin with the deeds of their forefathers.

Even though the differences appear to be obvious, they are not without controversy. There is no universal agreement that that it is important to speak of actual historical events, or a historical self. The original life course hardly generates objective records. Even when such records do exist, they are always subject to more than a single interpretation. Reality as such is not so much a phenomenon against which memories can be checked as something founded by these memories themselves. Conversational remembering of every day is primarily concerned with the need to construct an acceptable, agreed and a communicatively successful interpretation of what really occurred. This is a clear indication that the construction of the self has much to do with culture, society, and historical background upon which we find ourselves.

Formation of the Self
The self undergoes remarkable changes in a world that is reflectively organized, infiltrated by abstract systems, and in which the reorganization of time and space realigns the local with the global (Giddens 1991,p.78). On the level of the self, the basic component of everyday activity is that of choice. There is no culture which eliminates choice in day-to-day affairs. Actually, all traditions are products of choices emanating from an indefinite range of patterns of behavior. Yet, life is ordered by tradition or established habit within relatively set channels. Today, the individual is confronted by a complex diversity of choices and owing to the fact that the current world is non-foundational, it provides very minimal assistance as to what options one should select. This is thus followed by various consequences.

One such consequence concerns the importance of lifestyle and how the individual agent cannot avoid it. The concept of lifestyle appear superficial since it is in most cases conceived in terms of trivial consumerism that is, it is indicated by lustrous magazines and advertising images. However, there is something much more basic that is taking place than the view suggests. In the conditions of the present world, we not only respond to and follow lifestyles but also in some remarkable sense forced to do so. In other words, there is no choice left to us but to choose. A lifestyle can be conceived of as an integrated set of practices that one adopts not because they satisfy utilitarian needs but because they offer material form to a given narrative of self identity (Abbinnet 2003, p.23).

Lifestyle is a concept that is more applicable to the modern times that the traditional cultures owing to the fact that it implies making a choice within a multiplicity of possible options, and is embraced rather than being handed down. Lifestyles as such are practices that have been made a routine. These routines are integrated into dressing habits, eating habits, modes of acting and preferred environments of meeting others. However, these adopted routines are reflexively subject to change in the light of the dynamic nature of self identity. Every small decision that an individual makes everyday contribute to such routines. These choices are deliberation of not only how to act under particular situations but also who we desire to be. The more one becomes engrossed in modernity, the more lifestyle become concerned with the very basics of self identity, its construction and reconstruction.

Speech Act Theory
Within the realm of the society, the self can be conceived as a performer. The performativity of identities have been understood through the use of discourse theories. Such theories explore the ways in which social reality is a continuously created phenomenon through the use of language, gesture and other symbolic social signs (Butler 1993, p.110). Illocutionary speech acts are a good instance of speech act theory. They are speech acts that brings into existence events rather than representing the events. The self may thus be altered through the force of speech such as pronouncing a man and a woman husband and wife. In making the pronouncement, the status of the couple becomes altered within the society they live. The existence of the two actors is changed by the words of the priest thus establishing a new social reality. According to Butler (1993), a performative within the speech act theory is a discursive practice that ordains that which it names.

There are various ways through which linguistic constructions can establish our general reality through the speech acts that we continuously employ in our day-to-day interactions. In the process of performing the conventions of reality, those artificial conventions seem to be natural and indispensable. We make them real. For instance, the enactment of gender norms carries with them actual consequences which include the establishment of our sense of subjectivity. As much as we may hold that our actions are a product of our subjectivity, Butler (1993, p.90) argues that this sense of autonomous, self-willed subjectivity is a myth. By performing a gender, we establish the sense that we are being a gender. Gender in this regard is an act which constructs the social fiction of its own psychological interiority (ibid). One is not simply composed of a body but in some major sense, one manipulates his or her body in a unique way that is different from his or her peers.

Multiculturalism
Cultural identity appears to be regarded by liberal tradition as a private affair. That is, as much as the various cultural practices and traditions are valid, they should be conducted in private realms such as homes. The public realm should be neutral in the sense that every individual ought to have equal rights regardless of their ethnic, cultural or religious background. The result has been the politics of assimilation whereby particular cultural identities are absorbed into universal values of the state. Critics of this theory have argued that there is need for multicultural citizenship rights in multicultural societies. This obscures the domination of one cultural group by another. According to Kymlicka (1991), there is need for cultural groups to have unique rights so as to avoid the disadvantages emerging as a consequence of distinction from the dominating culture.

Proponents of this position have argued that multiculturalism results in a literal integration and assimilation because it makes provisions for a more active participation by individuals who might otherwise feel left out. The major question that arises is what this means for the self and identity. According to Castells (2009), identity is a social construct that is dependent on context. It is the source of meaning and experience for individuals. It can be internalized, founded on cultural attributes, individual or collective. Its major function is to provide explanation for the purpose of actions.

Conclusion
The beliefs about the nature of an individual espoused by particular culture, and the relationship that one has with the society he or she lives are transmitted through the economic, social and political institutions and the daily norms, customs and practices. Starting from the home, children are shaped by their parents and families into the kinds of persons that the society values. The construction of the self and identity therefore begins with the basic social microcosm.

The ideas of culture and identity are far from being mere abstract philosophical constructions. The self that takes part in day to day social interaction on does so through the acknowledgement of particular cultural norms, ideal and values. The I in this sense is not conceived as an existential entity that if forever entangled in questions of authenticity but is instead the self that develops through the conflicts and negotiations that define the area of human culture. In this regard, the main concern of this paper is the relations between the self, seen as a reflexive agent, and the established structures of economic, cultural and social recognition.

Generally, this relationship has been characterized by modern philosophy in terms of the subjects performativity. In other words, the extent to which an individual who is involved in the substantive culture of his or her nation state managing to exercise a critical reflection upon the cultures established structures of collective identity (Abbinnett, 2003). It has often been claimed that the possibility of such a judgment emanates from languages communicative structure. As linguistically competent individuals, every person is capable of recognizing how the structural organization of social relationships has appeared to inhibit the free discourse of the ends of modernity. For some scholars, the rise of political groups founded around single matters symbolizes the emergence of an increasingly reflexive public realm. More conventional Marxist analysis of cultural identity economics have centered on the manner in which the individual has been reproduced as part of the masses. A moving account of how new image technologies have impacted on the reflective autonomy of individuals have been presented in numerous literatures.

Today, in our postmodern world where everything seems to have already been done, it has become the ultimate challenge for us human beings to come up with something novel and innovative to further advance the quality and condition of our lives.  Our systems of communication for example, such as cellular phones and the internet, have taken a higher dimension and are constantly being upgraded and perfected to suit our varied lifestyles and to meet the exigent demands of our everyday needs. The more the up-to-the-minute the article is, the more likely that customers will buy it. Thus, creativity or the ability to use ones imagination to develop new and original ideas remains to be a crucial and defining factor in the competition in the global business arena. It continues to be an integral factor to improving and sustaining the quality of human life as well as fostering social relationships.

Considering the advantage of being creative in our highly globalized and competitive world, it is now deemed one requirement to opening doors of opportunities for us. But living in a highly modernized world with technology bombarding us with interesting innovations and discoveries, it has also become more difficult for individuals to hone and further enhance this skill. Despite this, we understand that the creative ability is an important aspect of our selves knowing that that it guides us in the direction we ought to take in life. Also, there are many situations and circumstances in our lives which call for our resourcefulness and ingenuity. Harnessing then our creative abilities is definitely an edge, our weapon in the stiff competition that is now widely taking place.

Here are three strategies on how ones creativity in social systems can be further enriched and improved
GO OUT AND MEET NEW PEOPLE
More than anything else, meeting new people is one of the best and most effective ways to develop ones creative abilities. Travelling and getting exposed to different, and even contrasting cultural stimuli help increase ones tolerance for diverging views. (10Ap) Not only will there be a change of scenery, but our encounters with people of different races, and of different cultural backgrounds heighten our awareness and sensitivity towards other cultural beliefs and traditions. Understanding that we are capable to building bridges across cultures, we allow for meaningful social interactions to take place. Creativity is enhanced when we welcome the variation and the divergence in the kinds of individuals we deal with in our social communities. Multiplicity and multiculturalism in social systems should no longer be seen as barriers to achieving high creative success.  Much more if we involve ourselves in the affairs of society, we shun our individualistic tendencies and create dynamism in social organizations we are involved in. Thus we foster cooperative effort in organizations and improve on the practice of democracy on our political systems.

WORK AT BECOMING A GOOD CONVERSATIONALIST
Communication is a crucial factor not only in human interaction but strengthening the cultural fabric of society. In fact the quality and content of society depends on what people communicate to each other.  It has to be noted that creativity or being creative is a skill that is acquired and developed through time and gained through experience. While creativity comes across as something that happens as a spur-of-the-moment, it remains to be a process that requires quick, thorough thinking, as well high levels of flexibility and organization. In our daily interaction with our families, friends, co-workers, etc, we are always given numerous opportunities to work on our creative abilities such as in conversations and other forms of exchanges. We learn more of other people when we converse with them, and more when we talk about topics that they find interesting. Therefore, for creativity to materialize, it is important to be well-read and well-travelled so there will be plenty of topics for you to talk about. It is also helpful to have a wide range of interest so you can talk to anyone in your social community about just anythingpolitics, books, movies, music, sports, profession, crafts, etc. Engaging in deep and intellectually-stimulating conversations is one sure way to boost creativity in social systems.

STAY FLEXIBLE AND ALWAYS KEEP AN OPEN MIND
Change is a basic thing in society. This is where we can express our creativity in our social systems. By being flexible to change, our social institutions can be more relevant to times and will not petrify.
No matter what social group you are in, you will always encounter people with opposite views and deal with tasks which you may find disagreeable. During such instances, it is difficult to come up with brilliant and ingenious ideas. But when you know how to bend and adjust to the conditions and the atmosphere in the group, it wont be so hard to get your creative brain cells working. The catch is that you must keep an open mind by setting your biases aside and encouraging a responsive exchange of ideas. Always keep your options open and be grateful for other peoples ideas and their constructive criticisms as well. Value what other members have to say and evaluate them without pre-existent prejudices. And most importantly, always put a higher premium on the creative process over the product or output. The results will come by themselves. The more important thing is to be able to foster a harmonious relationship in the social group you belong to by being flexible and through keeping an open mind at all times.  This way, you allow the creative process to transpire and advance.

The identity theory as propounded by Stuart Hall has provided a base for analysis of the hijab in the Muslim world. The hijab has drawn up controversies in world today with the west arguing that it is an oppressive symbol whereas the Muslims looks at it an obligatory requirement of their faith. There has been another view of the hijab as providing an identity to the Muslim women. With the challenge of terrorism facing the world today, the veil invokes the negative notions that the west has had over the Muslims across the world. The west associates terrorism with the Islamic faith and the hijab is a symbol of Islam.

Introduction
The issue of identity has been a major concern in every society. People are fond of identifying themselves with a particular group based on shared elements of their cultural and historical orientation. The concept of identity was given an impetus by Stuart Hall who advanced the cultural identity theory based on his Caribbean society. He identifies the concept of identity as ever-changing and as affecting humanity from the historical to futuristic moments in time. This paper will offer an overview of Stuarts identity theory and analyze the hijab of the Muslim women and how it is conceptualized in the western world.

Cultural Identity
Stuart Hall identifies two aspects related to the theory of cultural identity. Stuart talks of identity as composing of a matter of becoming as well as of being. He identifies the aspect of identity as being which provides some sense of unity and commonness. The oneness is usually shared by individuals with a similar historical background. The unity underlines any other outward differences that may exist and he gives the example of the Caribbean-ness in his analogy. This unity is essential for the cultural identity and played an important role especially after the colonial struggles. The unity that Stuart talks about should be the one that imposes imagery coherence based on the experience of the dispersal and disintegration. This forms the historical background of the obligatory Diasporas leading to the re-establishment of the conceptual completeness or wholesomeness that addresses the wrecked rubric of history (Hall, 2009).

The other aspect is the view of identity as becoming which focuses on what humans really are or what they have become. It cuts across the past and the future. Stuarts is of the view that cultural identities begins at some place and goes through changes over time. Cultural identities are never constant as they keep changing due to the historical, cultural, and power forces. The historical past will only help in securing the conceptualization of ourselves in infinity when recovered, but true identity is to be realized in the names that are given to the positions and the various ways humans are positioned trough the narrations of the past. This second aspect of identity theory helps us in comprehensive understanding of the traumatic experiences of colonialism. Stuart is of the view that the black people had to undergo traumatizing experiences at the hands of the colonial powers as an exhibition of cultural dominance. Colonialists influenced the way Africans viewed themselves as the other. The idea of the other then impacts on the way cultural identity is regarded in the sense that cultural identity is not seen as an unchanging phenomenon (Hall, 2009).

The Hijab and Identity theory
The hijab is the head scarf that is traditionally worn by Muslim women as part of the religious obligation in the Islamic faith. It is related to an individuals practice of choosing modesty when dressing to conceal the private parts so as to avoid invoking enticements from the males. Within the Muslim communities, the hijab is regarded as a social norm whereas in the western societies the veil has been used as an identity tool. In the western world, the veil produces stigma from those around the Islamic women wearing the hijab. According to a research done by Gulsum Gurbuz  Mustafa E. Gurbuz in 2006, the women who wear the headscarf believed that inconsistency between the implicit and authentic identity existed from those individuals in close proximity. This inconsistency led the women to be defensive and finding common ground that the hijab is not just a mere scarf but it forms part and parcel of their lives. Thus the way stigma is managed relates to the construction of identity in two instances it reinforces individual identity and also produces the communal identity. In the first instance, those who wear the scarf do so as a matter of internalizing their value symbol. This forms part of the individual identities where a strong meaning is associated with the hijab. This is interpreted by the west to mean a symbol of oppression of the Islamic woman. The second approach to the understanding of the hijab is derived from the collective view point. The hijab is a symbolic expression that is translated to reflect the Islamic faith. This communal approach means that the hijab wearers are seen as representing the Islamic faith (Gurbuz, G.,  Gurbuz, M., 2006). The hijab is thus related to the identity theory as advanced by Stuart Hall.

Cultural significance of the hijab in a Muslim culture
In the Islamic culture, the hijab is believed to be a religious obligation that is mandated to be carried out by the women folks. The hijab is therefore something that inspires the women as it symbolizes modesty which is the general concept preached by all the religious groups around the world. The wearing of the headscarf by the Muslim women is believed to add some self respect and dignity to the women. It is claimed that prior to the imperial phenomenon within the Muslim dominated countries, the Muslim women were protected from the advances of the infidels. The hijab is meant to protect the women from the evil eyes of the infidels. The hijab is the symbol of the Islamic faith and therefore its removal is associated with the destruction of the faith. According to the Quran, the women are advised to cast down their appearances and protect their private parts. The hijab concept is derived from the Quran as women are advised to wear headscarves which should cover their bosoms so as not to reveal their ornaments to any male strangers except for their husbands and close relatives (Syed, 2008).

Modesty which is gotten through the wearing of the hijab is thought to symbolize the Islamic faith and therefore one is said not to be having religion in case of lacking modesty. The hijab is not an oppressive symbol per se it is in fact taken to be an equality symbol in the Muslim world in the sense that being a symbol of honor and equity, it shields the Muslim women from the evil men. The Quran preaches the equality of both men and women and discourages about the superiority of one gender in relation to the other. The hijab has also been described as giving the women some power, self-respect and admiration that can not be attributed to a non-believer. The women who wear the hijab are considered as well-behaved and therefore command some respect from other people. The hijab is also said to symbolize self belief as those who dont wear it are said to be suffering from inferiority complex and that they would wish to use their womanly charms to attract men. The hijab is regarded as one of the many commandments of Allah and therefore by wearing the hijab, it is one way of showing obedience to Allah (Syed, 2008).

Allah had foreseen the devastating damage that could result from not observing hijab. Failure to observe the hijab could result in the un-ending chain of offensive behaviors within the community. Therefore the mistake of one individual may result in unwanted events that affect many people in negative ways. Though the individual who failed to observe the hijab is squarely to blame for a series of undesirable events that follows those other individuals who participated in the indecent acts are equally to be blamed for their participation. It is therefore a societal obligation to make sure that such eventualities are prevented from happening. If hijab was not to be observed there would be harm not only to the woman who fails to observe the practice but also to the many others in the community. Adversities associated with failure to observe the hijab include rape, murders, and family breakages among many other indecent activities (Syed, 2008).

The perception of the hijab through a western culture
The west has always viewed the hijab from a different angle altogether. In the western culture the wearing of a hijab is thought to symbolize the male oppression towards the female gender. The west thinks that the Quranic interpretation that the woman ought to dress in a modest manner was wrongly interpreted to mean than she has to cover her head with the hijab. Though within the Muslim community the women are judged depending on how they dress, the hijab is seen as an instrument meant to contain the sexuality of the women. The Muslim community is said to have advanced negative attitudes towards the women who fails to use the headscarves. They are advised to use the hijab as a protection to guard them against sexual nuisance from men. This is interpreted to mean that there is a justification for the vice on those women who fails to wear the headscarves. In the west, this is interpreted to mean that men should not take responsibility for their actions. The hijab is seen as having been forced to the women by men under the disguise of religion. Countries where the females enjoy very minimum rights have enforced the laws that force women to wear the hijab as a legal requirement treating the females as sub-humans. Forcing the hijab upon the women is interpreted in the western world to mean subjugation and humiliation to the female gender (Ada, 2004).

The west has always viewed the hijab as resembling the backwardness or seen as lack of liberal principles. They see the hijab concept as symbolizing the unregulated patriarchic of the Muslim faith which is viewed as unacceptable towards the realization of gender equity in the secularized liberal world. The west has taken the hijab as a direct challenge to liberal principles of the west as it is seen as an inevitable and incontestable sign of subordinating the women. One would think of the western society as being a model or gender equality. A closer look at the western society however reveals that this society consists of imbalance when it comes to gender issues. Again, other religions uses head gears like the case of the Catholic nuns whereas Judaism requires women to shave their hair andor cover their heads. There are no complains about these incidences and one would wonder the motive behind the Muslim hijab. This then can be said to be a well calculated move to discriminate not only the Muslim woman but the Islamic religion as a whole (Scott, 2009).

In the western world, wearing of hijab has been associated with the concept of discrimination and ill treatment to the Muslim women. As demonstrated by the French government which banned the wearing of the hijab by female students in all public schools, most western countries have imposed legislations that deny the Muslim women the right to practice their region freely. For some women, they have taken to wearing the hijab as defiance directed towards the western society which has been seen as increasingly becoming intolerant to their faith. They choose to wear the headscarves as part of their identity despite all the discriminatory actions they have to undergo for being Muslims. These women objectively see the western societies as being oppressive towards the female appearance. The western culture is therefore to the contrary perpetuation oppression towards these women unlike it is presumed of the hijab as being oppressive to the women. It is therefore important to observe that religion is not the source of human progress neither should we presume that the western society as the ideal model for human progress (Ada, 2004).

Following the terrorist attacks targeting the western interests in the recent past, the issue of the hijab has taken a different move among the western society. The ban on hijab in European countries, and partly in Australia and the United States as well as controversies surrounding the building of Mosques in these countries has further raised the issue of discrimination among the Muslim community. Women in hijab are usually subjected to abuse and intimidations of all sorts. Following the September 11 attacks in the United States, a woman in Australia observed that

I thought long and hard about taking the scarf off after September 11 like many women  I remember within one hour of going out I had been spat on, had someone threaten me as if they were going to hit me, the shop assistant at Coles supermarket would swipe my card and would not look at me in the eye. I remember coming home crying my eyes out and asking myself, Do I take this scarf off (Abraham, 2007, para 11).

The identity stigma of otherness has therefore been directed towards the Arab community which happens to be Muslim. This shift has been propagated by the terrorist attacks in which case the western societies have associated the Islamic faith with terrorist activities (Abraham, 2007).

Conclusion
The issue of hijab and the concept of identity are closely related. Through the identity theory that was propounded by Stuart Hall in the analysis of the Caribbean natives, we are able to infer his theoretical framework to the understanding of the hijab as seen through the western culture. The headscarf has been viewed as an identity symbol of the Islamic faith by the bearers while to the western society it is seen as symbolizing oppression and backwardness of the Muslim world. Terrorism perpetrated by the Islamic fundamentalists has worsened the western view of the hijab as it is related to Islam which is linked to terrorism in the western minds. The hijab therefore forms a critical element in the identity of the Islamic women and the religion as a whole.

Censorship is an age-old issue that pits ideologies against one another. One person beliefs is another persons downside. Just being a part of a group could be grounds for a fight. In the 1930s, it took some doing by people who were not a part of the American culture to understand it the hard way some two decades later.

The 1930s were depicted by some as a depressing time that spawned the rise of Adolph Hitler in Germany. (Trumbo, 1972) It was also around that time that America was setting itself up for trouble. They established the committee on Un-American Affairs, which would be the springboard for a fear-mongering U.S. Senator, Joseph McCarthy, and 20 years later to look for suspected Communists living in America. (Trumbo, 1972)

McCarthy invoked the Red Scare to entice people to rat out to the Un-American Affairs Committee whom they believed were either Communists or sympathetic to Russia. The 1950s dominated by the Cold War between the U.S. and the U.S.S.R., McCarthy hoped pointing out Communist supporters would both harm their reputations and keep others from turning over to the other side.
Director Elia Kazan directed movies about the Communists and was a member of the Communist Party during the 1930s. That in itself was not a crime because America was founded on the principles of free speech and free assembly. However, when it came time for someone to mention other Communists within the states, Kazan was quick to name names. (Bernstein, 1988)

Trumbo mentioned that the Committee divided its witnesses into two categories friendly and unfriendly. Those who were able to name names were given better treatment than those who used stonewalling tactics (not provide information, for example). The latter group was treated as hostile, and treated as such by being blacklisted from working in Hollywood. (Trumbo, 1972)

When Kazan named names, his move did not sit well with those who he named. Among the eight people he named included playwright Arthur Miller (author of Death of a Salesman), whom Kazan who told the government that Miller had dealings with the Communist Party. Although that included a few meetings and Miller was not persuaded to join the group, it was enough information for both men to not work together again. (Bernstein, 1988).

Being labeled a Communist by the government was not a good career move, as Kazan later admitted. Because of Kazans allegiancethough shortto the Communist party, it made him a target for the House Committee on Un-American Affairs, HUAC. (Bernstein 1988)

What he did (name dropping) caused careers to end, people to point fingers and make life in Hollywood difficult for many, including Kazan himself. Although he would be later be given a Lifetime Achievement Award from the MPAA, it was without some drama. People believed the distinction would be for his theatrical contributions such as On The Waterfront and other movies. Detractors said his actions should prevent him from getting the award. (Walsh, 1999)

Trumbo noted that the then-president of the Motion Pictures Association of America (MPAA) Eric Johnston took about a week before doing an about-face on blacklisting for those found with communist ties. In a span of six days, Johnston went from, As long as I live, I will never be a party to anything as un-American as a blacklist to We will forthwith discharge, suspend without compensation those in our employ, and we will re-employuntil such time as he is acquitted, or he has purged himself of contempt, and declares himself under oath that he is no longer a Communist. (Trumbo, 1972)

After naming several people to the Committee, Kazan spent the next several films justifying his actions. Films such as A Streetcar Named Desire and On the Waterfront were attempts by Kazan to demonstrate why he turned on his friends and colleagues. His characters were guided by doing the right thing, even if it meant hurting others in the process. Kazan admitted to being a member of the Communist party, but left shortly thereafter after being disillusioned with its direction. Kazan also refused to participate in the takeover of a theatre he was studying at during the 1930s. That incident led to his name dropping two decades later. (Walsh 1999)

What Kazan did was push other off a preverbal cliff to save his own career. That is something he would later admit in his autobiography A Life. He felt the need to name names to save himself. He was not doing it for money but for the fear of being found out himself that he had ties with the Communists. (Walsh, 1999)

That point alone would have derailed his career, as it did to the people he named. He noted that the point of his life was that anyone had the ability and the means to be a cad or a swine if given the chance. That was his opportunity to either put up or shut up. He spilled the names in order to save his own neck. It was a way to weed out those the American Government thought to have ties with the Soviets and rally against the U.S.

One person who was brought before the HUAC was Dalton Trumbo, a writer and was instrumental in Johnny Got His Gun in the 1940s. When people asked for advanced copies of his book, Trumbo gave the letters up to the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI). This was a decision he would soon want back, because in those letters he named names and the FBI thought his book and the letter from others were the basis for becoming Communist Party members. (Wikipedia 2010)

Trumbo appeared before the HUAC in 1952 but unlike Kazan, refused to provide the committee with any names. His resistance was met with an arrest, an 11-month imprisonment, and being one of 10 writers, directors and producers being blacklisted from Hollywood.

This meant that they would be unable to work on any film television series or other materials because of their (alleged) ties with the Communists. This would be the standard for other actors such as Lionel Stander, who would have to find work on Wall Street (which he did), or leave the U.S. to work in either Mexico or Europe. Stander eventually came back to the States to work again, most notably for the 1980s television show Hart to Hart. Gerogakas, 1992)

Trumbos connection to Kazan was that of spectator. He felt Kazan and anyone else who had to name names were also victims because it meant being able to rat out on their friends and colleagues. Trumbos career would nosedive until the early 1960s when Actor Kirk Douglas mentioned Trumbos work on Spartacus. That started the end of the blacklist and got Trumbo the necessary credit for that movie and other films he worked on. (Those on the blacklist also used fake names to secure work). (Wikipedia, 2010)

Of course, Trumbos statement that those people (like Kazan) who gave names did not resonate with those in Hollywood. They often criticized Trumbo for his statement. They felt those who appeared before the HUAC had a choice between saying nothing or telling the committee what they knew. Kazan and others like him made a conscious attempt to name names. That means they should not receive a free pass because they made that choice. (Wikipedia, 2010)

Kazan was a brilliant filmmaker who made a judgment that he said tormented him for the rest of his life. He thought he was doing a good thing by rooting out Communism in America and his involvement would have been an easy to demonstrate his willingness to help. Unfortunately, his willingness enabled him to move on and those whom he named to have their lives ruined. It was a hefty price to pay for making that decision.

Trumbo was one of the unlucky ones. His involvement cost him nearly one year of freedom, his career, which forced him to move out of the United States. He eventually got his due thanks to Douglas a few years before Trumbos death in 1976.

Many people wore the scars of the Red Scare during the 1950s. For some like Kazan, it meant trying to justify his later films and piece back what was his career. For others, such as Trumbo, it meant piecing back his life in another country and be forced to take odd jobs and use pseudonyms to make ends meet. Only because some Washington bureaucrat wanted to make sure the only red in the country was that of Red White and Blue.

Amazon.com was created by Jeff Bezos in the year 1994 and offically it had been launched in 1995. Fundamentally it is an American based e-commerce company or we can also declared it as a market place where initially books are placed but sooner this online book store became so popular in people that they provide numerous other product lines as well like VHS, DVD, music Cds, MP3s, furniture, toys, food items, varieties of computer software and many other product as well. Besides these mentioned products this website also has the feature of international shipping to some of the countries.
According to a research in 2008 it has been found out that this website has 615 million visitors annually which is actually twice the numbers of walmart as its much better to shop online 247365 rather then going such places like walmart, not only this it has also been viewed that this website attracts approximately 50 million U.S. consumers with their services, usability and exciting features.

Currently Amazon has provided new features to excite their customers like Familiar checkout experience, Cart up-sell, reduced bad debt, Shipping rates and Sales tax, Order management, Co-branded payment pages, Purchase protection for customers and many others. Besides these mentioned features Amazon also provide their customers some other attractive services which make this website more usable like they bought more than 50 times more light therapy devices, provide enough shoot-and-share camcorders to supply 50 years worth of nonstop You Tube watching in vacations, recently they offer holiday season packages by providing 8GB iPod Touches to play 442 years of continuous music as well. All these services make this web more attractive, usable and speedy.

However, along with this attractiveness there are a number of annoying points as well like somehow Amazon prime does not cover marketplace items, customers face obscurity to follow product descriptions, items are sometimes delayed in arriving, prices change quickly on certain items and some other exasperating features formulate this web a bit annoying as well.

List of illustrations
p. vii. Computer literacy by educational level
p.ix. Percentage of elementary school teachers

Executive Summary
This is a feasibility report to propose the introduction of computer courses in elementary schools of Colorado. The advancement in computer technology and the consequent use of computer at all levels necessitates its use at the primary levels of education. The need for this has been recognized due to the lack of computer literacy in Colorado primary schools. The increasing importance of computer literacy advocates the implementation of a computer literacy program for primary schools that would prepare the school children with the necessary computer know-how and practical use.

The use of computers has increased over the years. Its use has spread from offices to educational institutes to aid in the education of students. It has been observed that its use greatly amplifies the writing, calculating and information organizing capabilities of children. There is a high need for imparting computer education at the basic levels so as to equip children with the necessary skills to not only help them in their current studies, but to also help them excel in their future.

Evaluation of computer courses at some schools has revealed huge gaps in the curriculum and teaching methodology. After analyzing the strengths and weaknesses, this plan has been devised to overcome the shortcomings of computer teachings at primary levels and to introduce it at a mass level so that all primary schools in Colorado can benefit from it.

To help achieve this, a well thought-out plan is needed. The plan would require the support of school administration, teachers, parents and the State department of education. Together, they can help identify the gaps in computer education and share their insights to make it more relevant to the current scenario. There is a need for a curriculum in computer studies specifically designed for primary level students. Teachers training is very important. Teachers with relevant degrees in computer science would need to be hired by schools. Moreover, a proper training system could be devised to train existing teachers at schools to teach the children.

The project is highly feasible. Technologically, it requires normal computers that are easily available and do not require any special installation procedures. Economically, the major costs include the hardware costs of computers and the salaries of teachers teaching computer courses that are well within the range of Education departments budget. From a social perspective, the project is highly desirable. This is because children are better able to learn with an interactive media such as computers. Parents also find it desirable to see their children equipped with the skills to operate computers that would be used by them throughout their lives. Ecologically, the adverse environmental impacts are almost negligible if proper procedures for disposing off are carried out.

The feasibility criteria of the project indicate that the project is not only feasible but also highly desirable for the state of Colorado. However, the state department of educations assistance in its implementation is very crucial. The department should extend monetary, technical and human resource to make this project a success. The departments role is also needed in developing a uniform curriculum for all the schools in Colorado in order to provide equal standard of education. The benefits of this program far outweigh the costs especially in the long run. However, to make it ecologically sound, policies need to be developed at the government level to ensure the safe disposal of used and old computers. With limited risks and high returns, the project will surely benefit the education standard of state.

The Problem
The main problem is the lack of computer related knowledge in students of Colorado elementary schools. The students do not know how to operate computers to the best of their use. They do not have enough programming skills as well. There is great amount of growth in technological sector all over the world and so use of technology is the basic requirement of each one of us. Currently every activity going on around us is automated and based on the use of computers. Life can become very easy if the person knows how to use computers and make programs in it. Internet is the most effective and easy way of communication without any issue of the distance involved between the two sides and that is only possible if the person knows how to operate computers. Large amounts of information can be easily stored with the help of computers that can be retrieved when and where it is required. A lot of time can be saved if one can make good use of computers. It also helps a lot due to its capability of multi tasking which can be a useful tool in many situations. There is huge database of information available on the internet that can be use for many different purposes in daily lives and that only is possible if one knows how to operate computers. Efficient programs can be developed to cater to a number of requirements of the community as a whole to bring technological advancements for it.
Computer ownership in the US appears to be somehow related to socioeconomic conditions and the educational level(Kruger, 2001 pg 99). Recent findings about computer usage could not be found but Krugers findings do suggest that its usage may still be not as widespread especially among children from lower socioeconomic backgrounds.  Moreover, the fact that its ownership also links up with the educational level of the family suggests that well-educated families are aware of its enormous potential and their children may be able to better operate the computers. At the same time, children from less educated backgrounds are at a disadvantage when it come to computer literacy. The figure below indicates that there is still a huge gap for children from less educated families in computer literacy. This gap in computer literacy among children needs to be filled.

To help the children understand the environmental needs of technological advancements going on around them it is really important that they are given computer knowledge at early stage of their education. In this era computer is a necessity for children and is no longer a luxury. For that matter the curriculum of elementary schools should consist of computer and programming knowledge and also schools needs to be opened that have professional teaching computer related knowledge to children. As to survive in this competitive world computer knowledge is one of the major solution.

Advocate Plan
Computer knowledge must be provided to students of elementary schools in an effective way keeping into consideration a number of factors. Teaching computers at elementary level requires different schedules, curriculum, staffing patterns, resources and so on. They must be provided computer knowledge from the basics. To start with this plan teacher, administrators and parents should be share different magazine, newspaper and journal articles that are related to children using computers. This study group should then be organized and should be made to develop a curriculum for the students.

The curriculum should include firstly the knowledge about the computers and the benefits the computers have in the real world scenario. It should be kept in mind that teachers must be trained well in order to give effective computer lectures to students. The training can help the teachers to better integrate the use of technology with their teaching methodology. For this administration support is very critical. Teachers should try to generate interest in children about computers so that they try to learn about it themselves as well. They should be taught about the hardware and software components of the computer and the way they can be used.

Then the students should be given practical knowledge about computers and the programming languages. On the later stages when children are interested enough to work on computers they can be taught programming in easy and effective ways and this depends on the skills of the teachers. A number of programming tools are available to help the teachers in this. Most importantly to learn computers students have to use them more often and so parents can play an important role to support the teachers in providing their children with effective computer skills.

Feasibility Study of the Advocated Plan
Some elementary schools are already teaching computers to students but not in an effective way. The current level of teaching methodologies being used there was evaluated and then their strengths and weaknesses were found out. This made it easier to devise a plan that could focus on teaching computers and programming to children in an effective way. As a computer science student, the difficulties one faces if computer knowledge is not provided at earlier stages become prevalent at later stages of life. The funds required for this advocated plan are not that high because it requires only investment in purchasing computers that just satisfy the basic computing needs of students. They students should be bought in 1 to 5 ratio i.e. one computer for every five students to make this plan more cost effective. So suppose a class of 30 students will require a budget of around 7500 to 10000. But this can be done in installments and the costs recovered from students fees.

Also teachers will require some training but that can done with the help of government support on the basis of  alleviating the levels of technological knowledge in the community. There is no lack of elementary teachers, and the training of a fraction of those teachers for computer courses would not be difficult to carry out. The chart below shows the percentage of elementary school teachers.

SOURCE U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Common Core of Data (CCD), State Nonfiscal Survey of Public ElementarySecondary Education, 2001-02
However, some teachers may have to be hired at later stages but then at later stages if the plan works well more students will be enrolled in the class so greater funds will be available through increased amount of fees. And also the teachers at this level are not paid that highly.

This plan is desired to alleviate the technological skills of the students that will be beneficial for the society as a whole and so government should be supportive enough to carry on with this plan and provide the school with funding whenever it is needed.

Feasibility criteria
This section of the report will deal with whether the proposed solution is possible and justifiable. The following aspects of feasibility are discussed here.

Technological feasibility
Technologically, this project does not require something highly technical. For children to have a better know-how of computers and their usage, schools would need to have normal personal computers. PCs are commonly available and dont need to have anything technologically advance to make them useful for children.  A simple Pentium IV computer can serve the purpose.

Economic practicality
The hardware requirements can be met at low relatively low costs. A stripped down version of desktop pc practical for this purpose ranges in price from 150- 300. A typical school in Colorado will need close to 100 such computers if a student population of 500 is assumed.  To teach computer lessons, each school may need to hire two or more teachers with computer qualifications. Given the budget of the state department of education, the proposed program would cost considerably less. The tangible and intangible benefits of the project far out-weight its costs. It will increase the productivity of students and give them the ability to learn using new tools on their computers. Students will learn to experiment with a resource at a very small age that they would even use in their professional lives.

Social desirability
The ability to understand and use computers is not only socially desirable, but has become increasingly important. There is a widespread agreement among the public and the educators that students need to be computer literate (Robinson, 2008 pg 3).The computer has become an important social tool helping people communicate. It is also socially desirable because it vastly amplifies childrens ability to write, calculate and organize information (Golubchick, 1991 pg 358).

Ecological soundness
The proposed project poses no threat to the ecological environment if used properly. However, proper disposal of used computers is highly needed to dispose of computers that are no longer under use.

Conclusions from feasibility analysis
From the feasibility analysis, it can easily be concluded that the project is highly feasible from the perspective of the stated criteria. The cost-benefit analysis of this project shows that the long-term benefits of this project by far outweigh the short-term costs. With support from the Department of Education, little investment would help in getting huge benefits. The project does not require any special technicalities and would utilize easily available technologies. The computers needed for this project need not be high-end, since any normal computer can serve this purpose really well. However, trained teachers need to be available which can be accomplished either by hiring teachers qualified in computer education or training existing teachers. As a result, a socially desirable outcome can be achieved from this project. Highly desirable socially because the trend over the years indicate that the computer has become an important part of everyday life and parents and teachers would like to have computer-literate children who can utilize the enormous potential of computers for the betterment of their childrens education. The project also poses almost no risk to the environment. However, proper policies need to be devised to ensure that the disposal of computers is according to environmental regulations. Some of the toxic materials inside computers could damage the environment but a proper mechanism for its disposal would eliminate any such fears.

It can safely be concluded that the plan will work and will produce the desired results of educating primary school children about computers. With little effort, these children will be able to use computers for their studies and as communication tools. Moreover, this would go a long way in helping their future careers since the use of computers is widespread in almost any professional organization.

Recommendations
The department of Education should provide financial, technical and human resource for this project.
A reliable vendor should be contracted to provide the computers at discount prices.
A uniform curriculum should be developed to ensure uniformity in computer education across all the schools.

The Department of Education needs to develop a separate certification for teachers qualified to provide computer education. This certification would help schools identify if a teacher is eligible to teach the curriculum at the school.

Environmental regulations should be in place to guarantee safe disposal of old computers
Support from teachers and parents is highly recommended to make the project successful.

How Newspapers are structured
According to Allen and Groth (in Martin Copeland 2003) a newspaper is a periodic publication that is mechanically produced and available for those who pay for it and has content that is varied, general, timely and organised. This definition is not all-inclusive because it does not take into account the earlier forms of newspapers, which were not mechanically produced

History of Newspapers and their Structure
Carved stoneMetal periodicals Man has constantly used print media to spread news and happenings to the world. The earliest form of newspaper can be traced back to the 59 BC, when King Julius Caesar ordered upcoming events of social and political happenings carved on metal or stone and posted on white message boards in major cities. These were called Acta Diurnas or Acta publicas. These publications were a form of daily gazettes, which contained records of Roman official notices. They kept masses informed on legal proceedings, trial outcomes and executions, government indignities, information on deaths, marriages and births of prominent people and military campaigns. They were usually displayed in the major cities for a few days then taken downs and destroyed to give space to more Actas. Some Actas were censored and made private while others were free for the public eyes.

Daily Hand written newssheets The early form of newspaper structure, which was carved in metal and stone, evolved to newssheets. In the 8th century, china started producing hand written news sheets which contained memorials and letters written to the emperor, information on wars, social conducts, economic situations and decisions passed or unaccepted by the emperor. These newssheets were hand written on silk and produced every day. They were sent to imperial officers in every province who would in turn read it to the public.

Invention of the printing press in 1447, Johann Guttenberg invented the moveable type, which was useful in prints in mass and ensuring dissemination of news, exchange of ideas and spreading of knowledge. Manuscript newssheets printed on one side of a single paper, in form of pamphlets, news books and newsletters began to be circulated which had information on various subjects on commerce, news events and trade. Readers of these newspapers began to pay for newspapers in order to be acquainted with current happenings.

In the 17th century, the newspaper structure changed in terms of periodicity and content. Newspapers began to be produced regularly and more frequently and the content shifted to reports on international issues i.e. French newspapers reported on the British royal families and news on other countries and their scandals while the English newspapers reported on the French military happenings. Some of these modern newspapers included the Relation aller Frnemmen und gedenckwrdigen Historien in Germany, which was, founded in 1605, Gazette of France published in 1631, Nieuwe Tijdingen of Belgium published in 1616 and the London Gazette of England published in 1665.

Censorship In the late 17th century, the contents of the newspaper began to shift to local news. Newspapers began reporting about local happenings in the country and editors were not allowed to publish anything that might incite the public into chaos, thus certain information was censored from the public. This prompted counties like Sweden to pass and enact laws that ensured freedom of the press.

Invention of the telegraph and Newspapers as organisations with the introduction of the telegraph in the 18th century, the print media evolved to a completely new level. Information became more timely and relevant since it could be transferred in a matter of minutes, and men like Pulitzer Joseph and Rupert Murdoch transformed newspapers into businesses, building empires that would publish and disseminate newspapers to the entire nation. Murdoch began with one newspaper The News in Adelaide Australia after his fathers death. He founded his corporation called News limited and started acquiring other newspaper agencies like The Sunday Times in which he changed its structure to tabloid form making it a huge success. He later bought other newspaper agencies like The Daily Mirror- an afternoon publication, The Dominion, a New Zealand daily and launched the first Australian national daily The Australian. The Australian had a change in structure it was not a tabloid but rather a broadsheet which had levels of quality such as colour. He also acquired the Sydney morning tabloid The Daily Telegraph and later on expanded his newspaper industry to Britain, America and Asia.

Organisations like The Times acquired printing presses that could produce many copies per minute and that could print on both pages as opposed to one page as before. This made newspapers cheaper and widely circulated to the masses. Newspaper became the primary source of news and information.

Introduction of Broadcast radio the explosion of broadcast radio into the world made the newspaper industry re-examine and re-evaluate their role as the leading news and information providers. It was feared that radio would soon replace newspapers as the leading news provider to the society hence newspaper changed their structure and format in terms of content. They broadened their content to cover local news, international news, sports, entertainment and obituaries, so that they could have in depth coverage of the happenings. Colour was also incorporated to broaden the looks and appeal of the newspaper.

Introduction of TV and the Internet the introduction of TV was a major blow to the newspaper industry as circulation of newspaper dropped. This forced the newspaper industry to revamp the newspapers in terms of appeal and content in that they began publishing short, concise and to the point stories. The newspaper industry and the TV media industry began to merge and borrow stories from each other. Corporations like news corps, and news limited introduced digital divisions to deal with online production of newspapers and advocated for cross media ownership which would allow ownership of major newspapers and TV station by one corporation or individual. The structure of newspaper shifted entirely to a business venture and industry.

The structure of the newspaper also changed to allow users to browse for the intended information easily and more colours were used. Newspapers began selling space for advertisements making the newspaper industry more of a business venture than an information provider does. Some newspaper publishers began producing periodical newspapers like dailies and weeklies, newspapers by regions like the national and international newspapers and newspapers for a specific target audience like business newspapers for the businesspersons, sports newspapers for sports men etc.  Sizes of the newspaper changed from newsletters and news-books as it was before to having broadsheet newspapers, tabloids and Berliners. Printing changed from the cheap letterpress printing to offset printing, which saw the four-colour separation possible.

Circulation increased and credibility became a major issue as newspapers played the role of the public watchdog and they were hence meant to be unbiased but objective, have no plagiarism and publish facts. They became an interactive media where readers were allowed to send in their opinions on certain issues and send letters to the editors concerning matters of public opinions. The internet saw the newspaper industry produce cheaper newspapers, come up with on line editions and organisations were formed that would regulate the newspaper industry.

How the Modern Newspaper is organised
With the invention of radio, TV and the internet, newspaper publishers were forced to revamp the newspapers and organise them in such a way that the readers could get the information easily. This organisation meant that the newspapers would be laid out in such a way that every event or item would easily be recognisable.

General News this is always at the front page of the newspaper and contains the most important news both locally and internationally. The news is always conveyed in bold headings known as banners to attract the reader.

Editorial this is a page where publishers or editors give their opinions on issues of public interest
Sports This page contains news on sports, sportsmen and women and upcoming sports events both locally and internationally.

Classified Ads this is an advertisement section where people or organisations place adverts on homes, cars, employment, legal notices etc.

Finance this section contains information about businesses, banking, exchange rates, stock markets and prices of commodities.

Entertainment this section contains information on box offices, movies TV programmes horoscopes, and cartoons, and offers activities such as puzzles, crosswords and code words.

Society this section provides gossip about prominent people as well as what they are up to.
 Travel and Tourism this section provides information about departure and arrival of planes and ships, scenic places and activities offered in those scenic places.

Obituaries this page provides information about people who have passed on, and the schedule for their burials.

Home and Culture this section provides information about home care in general.
Foreign news This section provides news from other countries that are important for the public.

Effects of Technology on Newspaper Structures
The invention and introduction of the printing presses, telegraphs, radios, televisions, computers and the internet has had positive and negative effects on print media. These technologies made production of quality mass newspapers at a very high speed possible. Colour separation is now possible making newspaper have more than one colour for appeal. Editors now have tools like Desktop Publishing and MSWord that help them come up with appropriate layouts for the newspaper. The internet has allowed the production of online and digital newspapers which can be accessed anywhere by those with access to the internet and advertising space to go down thereby reducing circulation and sales of the newspaper and causing loss of jobs in the newspaper industry. It has caused a risk to the traditional paper print and fear that the traditional format would be rendered obsolete.

Conclusion
Since its inception, the newspaper has undergone many rapid changes, most of which have been because of technological advancements. Most newspapers now rely on other news services like Reuters on their news coverage and others have fallen due to financial hard times. In addition, with radio and TV as well as other news providing tools, newspaper has undergone a rapid makeover in terms of content and layout and it is feared that the traditional newspaper format will soon die out.

Media has always been used as an instrument to convey information and purpose among different actors and groups. It seeks to showcase the ability to illustrate and define opinions and carry out the value in portraying insights over particular issues. Seeing this, the media thus presents itself as a transmitter - providing the needed leverage to communicate, reach out, and generate patterns of direction leading to a particular mindset or objective.

Analyzing the two readings together, it can be argued that indeed media in its process exhibits the capacity to shape ideologies. It illustrates the freedom to carry out a specific purpose and combining all elements to instigate influence and the needed thrust to acquire support and attention. Such elements then generate the needed push in outlining the structure of media and communication as it applies to public opinion and important issues shaping society nowadays.

Looking at this analogy through history, it can be seen that time and time again, the media is used by different groups to portray ideologies. Even radical beliefs in different eras have been accepted as a formal way of changing the way people view these issues in accordance to social norms and practices. In essence, such processes provided the redefinition and creation of new ideals that have shaped individual and societal beliefs. Through this, one can then decipher the importance of this medium and why many actors seek this to complement on their corresponding interests.

Another relevant idea that can be synthesized with the two articles is the ability to communicate and create appreciation of content. Though these processes arguably have created radical tendencies, it still gives emphasis and value to the elements and methods used to obtain support. Many groups have used the power of media as leverage in furthering approaches and cultivating the notion of connectedness by providing an outlet where common interests and ideas meet. In essence, the communication process happens with the collaborative effort of these instruments and created a new path of understanding realities.

Seeing this, the process then of communicating thru media corresponds to the establishment of meaning. It seeks to direct groups into looking into perspectives and outlooks on how it can create a huge impact to individuals and groups it seeks to address. Throughout history, man has seen this applied constantly by inducing into the emotional, psychological, and rationality of viewers. By putting these altogether, it indeed created a redefined perspective in adapting and relating to the existing trends in the environment.

In the end, these two articles indeed showcased the capacity of media to transform society by inducing patterns and methods to rethink perspectives and capacity to conform to norms. Here, it serves as the melting pot where common interests are facilitated and developed. These processes in turn serve as the main catalyst in promoting change and creating a new perspective and outlook in providing recognition on how reality impacts individuals, groups, and society as a whole.

With the rise of globalization and a lot of integration going around us people have come in contact with people from different cultural and linguistic backgrounds. In order to communicate with people belonging to different backgrounds a common set of procedure is required which is interpreted by people who are even from different backgrounds. Today what a lot of people are facing is the language barrier as they come in contact with people who are from different countries and thus speak different languages. (Allwood., 2009) The procedure could be the non verbal or even verbal. Thus, the communication which is meant to form meaning across culture is referred to as intercultural communication. (Griffin, 2001)

There are numerous theories that can be incorporated in the intercultural communication. Practically speaking the most common type of communication is the nonverbal communication. It refers to the facial expressions, gestures, postures and eye contact etc. It is the silent conversation between people. Not only these but any sort of action that sends a message to people without using any words is the nonverbal communication. Even standing too close is a nonverbal communication which is interpreted differently in different cultures. (Gunawan, 2001)

In order to explore the modes of communication between people from different backgrounds, the paper will focus on the nonverbal communication for research. The paper would further look for the fact that whether the nonverbal communication is the best form of intercultural communication or not. Though the nonverbal communication accounts for the 70 of the communication that is taking place but what here needs to be pointed out is that whether it would be understood cross culturally. The difference in culture and norms also makes the signs and gestures interpreted differently in different cultures. To further elaborate the point the example could be that the ok sign or the ring sign in America means that everything is OK while in Japan is referred to money and in France it means zero or nothing. Similar to this example there are numerous signs which in one culture is considered in a good manner while in the other culture is considered offensive (Gunawan, 2001)

Various researches have been done suggesting different methods for intercultural communication and along with the effectiveness of the method. This research will aim to focus only on the effectiveness of the nonverbal communication. It would explore the fact that whether the non verbal communication is effective within different cultures or not.  A lot of researches have been done which will be discussed in the literature according to which nonverbal methods provides an effective method to overcome the language barrier while on the other hand there are even content that establishes that nonverbal communication is not very effective within different cultures due to the different interpretations of the signs. This research aims to find that to what extent is this method effective and does it actually makes communication possible or further confuses the communication process.

This research would aim to improve the previous researches by identifying to what extent is the nonverbal communication effective within different cultures and would also identify what are the pitfalls related to it. Since two different approaches are found regarding the nonverbal communications within cultures so the research would aim to find out the effectiveness of both the notions and a conclusion based on the secondary and the primary research would provide how effective nonverbal communication is.

Literature Review
Intercultural communication means the communication which is taking place between the people who belong to different cultures. This is the most difficult form of communication as there is a barrier of language and the people involved are not able to understand each others language. In such cases nonverbal communication is what is look up to when one does not understand the language. (Allwood, 1985)  There are two different notions for nonverbal communication as one school of thought considers it to be more effective than the verbal communication while the other feels that it cannot be used during intercultural communication as the nonverbal cues differ culturally. The cultural variation can be in the form like low context cultures like that of America and Canada, the nonverbal communication is not that important while in countries which are of high context like Japan this communication is relatively more important. Having said that, a lot of content is still found which says that nonverbal cues are still a very good method when communicating within different cultures. (LeBaron, 2003)

There is a dispute in the ideas as some people believe that nonverbal communications can be used while communicating intercultural as research ahs shown that generally the important gestures of anger, happiness, surprise, disgust and sadness are the same across the cultures so nonverbal communication can be done in order to explain someone what one wants to say as the basic gestures are the same in all the cultures. (LeBaron, 2003)

Thomlison in his research mentioned that nonverbal communication plays a very significant role when communicating within different cultures because of the fact that they are used unconsciously and thus adds significance to the message. A message alone can have dual meanings but when a message is communicated by using the nonverbal impressions it adds to the interpretation and thus the message is received in the right manner by the receiver (Ostermeier, 1995) This notion is also supported by Potoker and Elaine who have come up with a case study in which they have discussed the training of the employees via using the nonverbal communications. This has been discussed in the case study as a very successful method for training the employees who belong to different cultures. The case study mentions that while training people from various different linguistic backgrounds the nonverbal cues such as signs and expressions were very successfully used and they were able to communicate the message in the right manner. The cues were interpreted in the correct manner by the trainees. (Management and Training across Cultures Importance of Non-Verbal Communication Strategies--A Case Study., n.d.)

Henry Calero in his study has described that nonverbal communication is the best understood mode and is very powerful. He is of the opinion that this mode is not taught to anyone but is there with a person since he is born. Despite of people being from different backgrounds and cultures, facial expressions and the other cues along with it communicates the message in the right manner. A person might not exactly understand the message but a rough idea can be done as to what the message is about and would does it say. On the other hand he in his book has mentioned that at times the nonverbal is much better in terms of understanding as compared to the verbal form because certain sentences have dual meanings due to which they can be interpreted in a wrong manner. (Calero, 2005)

This is completely negated by a few researches who have by giving examples have clarified that a lot of gestures are different in different cultures and at times even opposite of what one culture claims. For example shaking hands is considered as a good and welcoming gesture in America and other western cultures while it is considered very offensive in the subcontinent and the Arab countries. Other than that sign like signaling people to come with palm up is considered common in USA while in Korea and Latin America it is considered rude. A lot of cultural blunders have been done by various multinationals as their nonverbal communications have been interpreted differently in different cultures.  (Jones  Quach, n.d)

Culture is responsible for shaping up the beliefs and attitudes. A person is shaped from the culture he lives in and whatever a person does is a representation of his culture. Thus the nonverbal communication that an individual does is strictly derived from the culture the person belongs to. Wide cultural gaps are found around the world. What is considered right in one culture is a wrong sign for the other culture and vice versa. In such a condition one cannot rely on the nonverbal communication only without knowing different cultures thoroughly or at least the basics if the culture. In order to communicate using the nonverbal cues one is bound to understand or have a slight insight of the culture of the person he is referring to otherwise a huge misunderstanding may be created as the message would be transmitted incorrectly.  Otherwise a huge misinterpretation and confusion can be created by using these nonverbal communication techniques. (Yammiyavar, Clemmensen i,  Kumar, 2008)

Methodology
In order to authenticate the data findings a comprehensive method would be used for collecting the data. The tools that would be used for the primary data collection would include questionnaires, focus group and in depth interviews. The sample size would be around 250 and the sample frame would include people who are working or living in the environment where there are people from different cultures. This sample would be reached on the basis of the researchers convenience and thus the sampling method that would be used would be convenience sampling. Around 200 questionnaires would be used while the rest 50 would be interviewed. A focus group will consist of around 8-10 respondents.

Since the primary data would be gathered by three different types thus first the analysis would be done separately for the three methods but at the end a comprehensive result would be given which would be a consolidation of the result obtained from three methods. The questionnaires would be analyzed by using the hypothesis method where the Z-test would be used to test the hypothesis. Other than that certain simpler statistical tools like mean, graphs and frequency would also be used to clarify the results.

The result obtained by focus group would be presented separately where all the content would be recorded first during the focus group and the results from the focus group would then be documented.
The data from the third method that is in depth interview would also be recorded separately first and then consolidated. At the beginning a summary of each interviewee would be provided after which the trend from the interview would be given which will be the analysis of all the interviews.

A consolidated result will be provided at the end which would be obtained by combining the three results. Recommendations and conclusion would be based on the findings from the study. At the end a guide will also be provided for the future researchers who would help them in the further researches regarding the topic. It would tell them about the areas which have not been tapped in this research and doing research on those areas would help this field substantially. A set of limitations would also be provided that the researcher will face during the course of the study.

Conclusion
The research would aim to find the effectiveness of nonverbal communication while doing intercultural communication. A lot of researches have been done on the field of intercultural communications and various methods have been suggested. The nonverbal communication method is also one of the topics already discussed but the problem that exists is that of different notion regarding this method. One school of thought considered it as a very good medium as it tends to communicate better than the verbal communication while the other school of thought feels that due to cultural differences even the nonverbal communication differs. The people belonging to the later school believes that the nonverbal cues are also shaped by the culture and thus what is good in one culture may sound offensive in the other.

Thus this study would find out the effectiveness of the nonverbal communication and would also find if this method communicates the message or misinterprets it.

Students are caught in a dilemma that involves completing their school assignments on time. They must set aside time to use a computer to finish their assignments, write cover letters for jobs andor for other activities. However, finding a computer at the student center is futile because of (a) long lines, (b) so little time allotted to use them and (c) the short time frame the center is open. The school is required to improve the quality of our education so we can achieve our goals.

Purchasing laptop computers would be one option. Having students use them for up to two hours a day might help alleviate student frustration with unavailable computers. They could not be taken out of the student center and anyone using them would have to sign out for them and be held accountable for any damages caused while in their possession. The administration would have to pay for these computers, but that would be an investment for students.

Obtaining computers could be done by a local business (like Staples) who agrees to either donate or sell computers at a discounted price. It would pose a win-win situation for all parties. The students would have access to computers, a local company helps out the community and the administration save money in the process (by not raising tuition the following year)

Students are frustrated because they have term papers, exams and other materials that must be finished. Not everyone has access to their own laptop or to the school computers. Classmates may not be able to afford a personal computer. The computer rooms are closed when class is not in session. Using those could help the growing problem of too many students needing too few computers. That is why this plan makes sense to students.

Another idea being discussed is expanding the computer lab hours. They are open for business for just a few hours per day (3 p.m. to 6 p.m.) when most people are already in class. Opening the labs until 9 p.m. would give more students a chance to sue the facility and get their work done. Keeping it open later would be great as well given how students have other commitments during the day.

Staff would be either a computer professor who could donate his time or a teaching assistant who could sue the credits. The latter might be a better given the student to student interaction that could occur. Students may feel more comfortable talking with one of their peers as opposed to a professor.

Having a teaching assistant present can offer other benefits. One does not have to pay for their time. The school could consider other options such as course credit, discounts on merchandise at the school store or at local establishments. Having volunteers supervise the computer labs would save money for the school and have people available on-site to answer their computer-related questions.

A final plan would be to use some of the space proposed for a parking lot for additional classrooms. Being able to purchase more computers (again, using the local businesses for donations would be key in this case) gives students a chance to do their work without worrying about if they can even get to a computer.

This idea could get dicey since the administration would have to consider this in their budget meetings and during their Board of Directors meetings. It would cost thousands of dollars and there is no guarantee that the renovations will be completed in time for current students to use them. This could be a long, protracted issue that might not come to a positive conclusion for the students.

Students want to have access to computers so they can complete tasks and become more responsible for their work. Getting computers to the students would serve as a positive step toward accomplishing this. The current situation is not working and will only get worse once the mid-term exams and term papers start getting assigned. Having computers available to more students can only be a good thing. Students would be willing to work with the volunteer staff to make this work.

This problem of not having enough computers to fulfill the growing and dire needs of the student body will not go away. The school must consider doing something to stop this issue of not having enough computers to go around. An institution of higher learning should not be cutting corners to save money for its stockholders. They should be developing quality resources to help their students achieve to their greatest potential.

Robert McChesney considered as the foremost figure in the American media in his research collected over the past two decades in his Political Economy of Media is clear about the fact that American journalism is in crisis. He said that concept of media being natural and had been adopted with excitement is mere assumption and untrue. The media now being controlled more by the corporate giants for their profit making and commercialization is not at all in the interest of the public instead media should be governed and controlled for the non profit motive. (McChesney, 2008) Moreover the commercial conglomerates are using media for their selfish interest and the basic essence of what media stands for has been lost. However what in real terms means crises This word has been defined by the Lerbinger, a professor at Boston University in his book The Crisis Manager. He states that A crisis is an event that brings, or has a potential for bringing, an organization into disrepute and imperils its future profitability, growth, and, possibly, its very survival. (Reid, 2000, p.1)

Here lies the paradox situation as this is a general definition of crisis, however it is not so conducive when we come to journalism, the profitability and growth has in fact increased. As journalism should be meant for the peoples interest but it has become profitable venture for media conglomerates. According to George Brock, a professor and the head of the Journalism at City University London, and World Editors Forums former president but its current board member in his lecture on 17th March, 2010 at City University states there has been total decentralization of the news, and the authoritative power of the process of consumption, as well as production of the news has changed hands taken by the people who would like to assert their authoritative power, and just smearing away the exceptional abilities and uniqueness which were once enjoyed by journalists. (Conde, 2010)

Presently, American journalism has reached a stage of what Joseph Schumpeter, an economist, called as creative destruction. This is the best definition of crisis in journalism as both the forces considered to be on the extreme end of each other creative and destructive are pushing journalism in America against each other. Towards the creative side, World Wide Web has opened several new opportunities for the growth of journalism with the space for free thinking and free generation of ideas but on the other hand the rate at which professionalism is at the decline is far more than the rate at which institutions can substitute this decline. (Coll, 2009)

Daniel Hallin and Paolo Mancini have identified three most important models of political communication and to differentiate between these three models, the authors make use of the four different dimensions with the first being the formation of the media markets with the particular attention to the circulation press second being parallelism in the political spheres or creation of links between media third is increase in the professionalism in journalism and fourth how much to the extent there is government intervention in the media. (Hallin  Mancini, 2004) Revolving around these four main divisions or parts, the journalism is playing its creative as well as destructive part.

However as there are problems in journalism and so are their solutions for the same. Government should try to resolve the crisis in journalism by making analytical review of the current position and giving new shape to the policies that it had not noticed previously enabling to reduce the gap that has developed between the old journalistic ways and new ones. This would ultimately go in the interest of the general public instead of media conglomerates. Some of these policies include modifying the technology in the way that the interest of the public is ensured in the various forms of new media. For example Congress, in stimulus legislation, has formulated the investment policy in the way that rural communities and disadvantaged sect can also enter into the competition to attain their right for broadband technology and in networks but to get desired results, it needs smooth implementation. (Coll, 2009)

The second solution lies in the fact that people should understand media not just as a means of generating news but as means of public good. It should be considered equivalent to any other welfare institution. Now the media and news are being used by the advertisers to meet their own interests and news are being considered as the product and as a medium for the advertisers to reach their target audience. This tendency should be changed. It should be understood that journalism is good for the people and should be used for the welfare of the people.

Many observers think that soon next generation of entrepreneurs would form a journalist environment by making use of the digital technology that could be very financially feasible for all. To achieve this aim government should give relaxation in regulations especially credits in taxes. Fourthly like any other good or service of the public interest, journalism also requires subsidies if it has to come up to the expectation of general public and to be a media for the public. (Nichols and McChesney, 2010)

As the 2009 was coming to an end, the Columbia Journalism Review (CJR) was focusing on the Leonard Downie Jr. and Michael Schudson report which suggested that broadcasters, Internet service providers, and telecom users to pay into a fund that would be used to support local accountability journalism in communities around the country. (Nichols and McChesney, 2010) CJR considered it as a radical suggestion. It is this radical approach that could allow journalism to attain the position and respect it so long demanded.

In the last, legislation should be crafted to enable the failed newspapers to become non-profitable venture entities. It is good for the media that they could adopt all the necessary news items and produce each of them together, irrespective of a specialized media. Shifting from high profitable venture to the low or non profit venture would mean keeping the traditional essence of journalism intact. (Coll, 2009) Moreover it is very important to have the rationalized legal authority too to get developed. It is very important in the public broadcasting system and in the agencies that regulate private broadcasting, formulate the allocation of press subsidies, etc. Where this legal regulatory model is developed, the media would be out of the control of government, political parties or any other governing bodies. (Hallin  Mancini, 2004)      

These solutions are no doubt good but there many obstacles in fully utilizing the same. Many technological changes are being taking place, and these have considerable impact on the advertising markets and along with it, the recession is the biggest factor that does not allow the free speech and free thinking, the main ideologies that journalism stands for.  Yet another most important factor cited is the cost. In fact a single foreign bureau operating in the high level professional standard could incur cost of 500,000 each year and during era of war, many multiples of this cost. However for the new business ventures in the arena of web publishing and content writing, this cost is too much. (Coll, 2009) The biggest hindrance also comes from the political circles who try to use journalism to gain political mileage and meet their political ends. They would never allow journalists to follow their own thought process making them a mere medium to convey their own political ideologies. Though many nations have regularized legal authority yet there is a political influence and bureaucratic control in the media circle. However in the places where the rationalized legal authority is strong, the bureaucratic control would be balanced by the professional autonomy of the civil servants including in the public broadcasting and journalism. However, where the legal authority is not very strong, the political party, and the penetration of the public broadcasting in media would be deeper and stronger. (Hallin  Mancini, 2004)      

Roots of the crisis in the journalism in America lies in the growth of the media conglomerates, privatization of media, influence of commercialization in the broadcasting of the news and in the news formation by journalists as well as entering of the new technology in the media in the form of digital revolution as well as influence of the government as well as advertisers in framing news to meet their own commercial interests. Solution lies in the formation of the policies by the government to make media more transparent and responsible for citizens instead of commercial players and secondly to restrict the regulations and making the new media open to all. There are many hurdles in bringing out this change and the most important is the continuous change in the technology making it imperative for the government and other institutions to welcome this change.