Communications and Media

3. Select one song that seems to represent a particular culture within the United States. How is that culture being presented and what might this representation imply about the dynamics of about communicating with members of this culture (i.e. what does the song seem to be saying about how to communicate with that cultureco-culture)
In D Club
Go, go, go, go, go, goGo, shortyIts your birthdayWe gon party like its your birthdayWe gon sip Bacardi like its your birthdayAnd you know we dont give a fuckcause its not your birthdayChorus (2x)You can find me in the club, bottle full of bubLook mami i got the X ,if you into takin drugsIm into havin sex i aint into makin loveSo come give me a hug if you into getting rubbedVerseWhen I pull out up front, you see the Benz on dubsWhen I roll 20 deep, its 20 knives in the clubNiggas heard I fuck with Dre, now they wanna show me loveWhen you sell like Eminem, and the hoes they wanna fuck But homie aint nothing change hoes down, Gs upI see Xzibit in the Cut that nigga roll that weed upIf you watch how I move youll mistake me for a playa or pimpBeen hit wit a few shells but I dont walk wit a limp(Im ight)In the hood, In L.A, they saying 50 you hotThey like me, I want them to love me like they love PacBut holla in New York them niggasll tell ya im locoAnd the plan is to put the rap game in a choke holdIm full of focused man, my money on my mindI got a mill out the deal and Im still on the grindNow shorty said she feeling my style, she feeling my flowHer girlfriend wanna get bi and they ready to goChorus (2x)BridgeMy flow, my show brought me the doeThat bought me all my fancy things My crib, my cars, my clothes, my jewelsLook nigga i done came up and i aint change.VerseAnd you should love it, way more then you hate itNigga you mad I thought that youd be happy I made itIm that cat by the bar toasting to the good lifeYou that faggot ass nigga trying to pull me back rightWhen my jaws get to bumpin in the club its onI wink my eye at you bitch, if she smiles she goneIf the roof on fire, let the motherfucker burnIf you talking bout money homie, I aint concernedIm a tell you what Banks told me cause go head switch the style upIf the niggas hate then let em hate and watch the money pile upOr we go upside they head wit a bottle of bubThey know where we fuckin beChorus (2x)TalkingLaughing Dont try to act like you aint know where we been either nigga, but i lo chupe a junior yeahIn the club all the time nigga, its about to pop off niggaG-Unit 

     America is a land of liberty. The freedom of expression come undaunted in the American culture as this song generally reflects Americans inclination to sex, liquor and good times. It can be inferred that the freedom which Americans enjoy has been greatly revealed in songs and in their culture of leniency. Independence has given each and everyone the right to talk about anything and pour out emotions and thoughts on something which other cultures may find taboo like sex, drugs and liquor. The opportunity given to anyone to indulge in these taboos is a mirror reflecting Americas liberation and independence. On the lighter side, it gives a sense of responsibility that no matter what Americans indulge in, they stand firm for it. 
    The song also implies mans darker desires for money and luxury as given in the statement im into having sex, aint into making love,m y crib, my cars, my jewels I cant change. It is a redefinition of what a good life is supposed to be. In this world of global economic meltdown, life has gotten into another meaning and that is acquiring wealth and comfort.

4. Select one song that affronts, challenges, or might be offensive to a particular culture in the United States. What is the affront and what are the implications of this song in respect to communicating with members of this culture

Blackman Redemption lyrics by Bob MarleyWoy-a, Natty CongoA Dreadlock Congo IWoy-a, Natty CongoA Blackman Redemption Woy-yo, yo-oo-wo-ooA Blackman Redemption Woy-yo, wo-oo-wo-ooNo need - no need to get jumpyNo need and-a no need to get bumpy,And-a no need - and-a no need to get bumpyNo nee-nee-nee-nee-nee-nee-nee-need to get jumpyYouth and youth agree toCool runnings can you dig itCool runnings yeah, one more time A-beg yaCool runnings can you stop itCool runningsSpread out, spread out,Spread out, spread out.Tell you about the Blackman Redemption can you dig it (Oh, yeah)A Blackman Redemption can you stop itOh, no Oh, no Oh, noComing from the root of King DavidThrough to the line of Solomon,His Imperial Majesty is the Power of AuthoritySpread out, spread out,Spread out, spread out,Spread out, spread out,Spread, spread out.---Instrumental break---No need - no need - no need to get jumpy,And-a no need - and-a no need to walk away.Let me tell bout yaCool runnings, can you dig itCool runnings its one more time we want itCool runningsCool runningsSpread out, spread out,Spread out, spread out,Spread out. Spread out, spread out.Spread out, spread out.Its just-a Blackman RedemptionCan you dig it (wo-yeah) Good, Lord Good, Lord Good, LordBlackman Redemption, can you stop it Oh, no Oh, noBlackman redemption - fadeout


    This song generally reflects the painful rejection of black men in the society long time ago. Marley took the song as an opportunity to express how people should live in equality and unity. He stated this on the lines coming from the root of King David through the line of Solomon. This is a clear indication of Marleys desire to prove that black men are beings of good ancestry- the same ancestry which the whites claim to have belonged. Racism is a cultural challenge that has influenced literature especially the creation of songs. It is evident how Marley was able to express the blacks disagreement to cultural bias and inferiority.
Furthermore, the song is an embodiment of mans desire for freedom from the slavery of thoughts and emotions. Marley was able to use the lyrics to defy injustices against the Black signifying a remarkable event which according to him is unstoppable. This song definitely shows how man can get out of his own misery as long as he values himself and sees worth of his being. In its entire context, Marley is pushing for equality  that Black be given respect, love and sense of being as what others have long been enjoying.

David Harveys work on postmodernism is the reaction to the modernistic tendencies of the past and how the changes took place in the art, architecture, literature etc. David Harveys book The Condition of Postmodernity brings the postmodern theory within the paradigm of social spheres.

    Harveys argues that since the beginning of 1972, there has been considerable change in the social, economic, as well as cultural spheres bringing in the new sensitivity in the way of thinking in these various fields and disciplines. Harvey says postmodernism is related to the changes that had taken place in the capitalism and to entirely new ways of experiencing time-space as he describes it as positivistic, technocentric, and rationalistic, and the belief in linear progress, absolute truths and rational planning of ideal social orders, under standardized condition of knowledge and production. (Harvey, 35) Postmodernism is modification or deviation from the modernistic mode of thinking. These changes are in a form of new kinds of methods of production, new methods of providing financial services, emerging of new markets, new innovations in technologies and commercial establishments and increase in the employment in the service sector. Also there is uneven development between different regions. To this context, Fredric Jameson says that postmodernism is not a fashion or a form but it is an overriding culture which gives space to different traits yet comparatively inferior. (Jameson, 1)

In the book, Harvey brings out the silhouette of culture that marks the post modernism, construes shifts in the global capitalism and understands how various economic endeavors have reduced the time and space, and also culture by extension. Time and Space is the essential part of the life cycle of human beings that has made the people increase the speed of the production, reduce the turnover time of capital, increase the speed and reduce the distance. It is a time of electronic transformation where every thing is speeding up and increasing the pace of time. The speed of travel has also increased encompassing the financial arena that has captured the whole globe in a very short time which was unimaginable in the past. Harvey saw the post modernity as the birth of the modern system of mass production with a comparatively fixed system for capital accumulation and for the same he took the concept of the Marxs theory of capital. Again in the book he elaborates the Fredrick Jamesons argument of post modernism as the cultural logic of late capitalism. (Harvey, 42) In other words the production process has witnessed so much flexibility that can quickly correspond to the changes in the market, reducing both the space and time.

             Thirdly, Harvey argued that post modernity is a break up from Fordism, which is a term formulated by the Antonio Gramsci to explain the regulations in the industries and the accumulation of the wealth that would have occurred during an era Keynesian. Now it is the era of post-Fordism involving the new methods of production linked with socio economic growth that prevail in many of the industrialized nations. It is associated with specialized means of production, with each one of them performing specialized tasks.

    Postmodernism is also marked by the increase in the domination of television and culture, with people having a greater accessibility to mass media and telecommunication. His strongest point is the way he conceptualized the trend of the postmodernism and how it is different from the modernism. He is quite right in stating that the telecommunications since 1950 has completely changed with the emergence of new media and transnational media conglomerates. The commercial media system has changed from the small fragmented national industry to vast transnational media corporations who have given us the new means not only to communicate with each other but also to fully associate with each other. There is also a complete change in consumer culture this change in the trend is an amplification of the fact that society is moving towards postmodernism.

    To this extent, the whole media and culture revolve around consumerism as the media advertisers and media corporate are in search of the new programs. Thus they are transferring societies and at the same time integrating them into the global network of cultures (Chalaby, 154) Harvey is the true man of his words, as he describes the films, music, art and literature from the eyes of the modern man and how they use it. In his words there is a break from the old and Fredric Jameson too said that there is a newness in the whole concept be it any form of art for e.g. abstract expressionism in painting, existentialism in philosophy, complete plot in the novel, in the films or the modernist school of poetry, we can see and feel the immense pulse of postmodernism in them. (Jameson, 1) Harvey was able to see and feel the pulse of the media and how it has come closer to the people. He gave the examples of the musicians and film makers to show they have modified the modernist movements to give in something new and refreshing catering to the global taste. But one of his biggest drawbacks is his language which is obscure, as there is lack of clarity and how the way the new means of media is a deviation from the modernism and how we can call the postmodernistic as a deviation from modernism in the context of culture and art.

Harveys concept of post modernism is read in the light of the various new trends and happenings in this world. While reading all through his works, the questions that emerge are the way links between capitalism and postmodernism are created Is there a need to add explanation to understand these links Another question that comes to light is though Harvey has taken the postmodernism in all the social, economic, art and cultural spheres yet he has left out the most important political achievements that had great impact on the postmodernism, for e.g. the political endeavors of 1960. Was he right in doing so There also has been intellectual influences and how they had happened Cultural dominance can also play its part in creating influence how Harvey can incorporate cultural dominance in explaining the variety in postmodernism

    There is no doubt a fact that capitalism has played the most considerable role in defining the trends in postmodernism but there are far more roles in the way we shape our contemporary ideas, values and practices which are far more autonomous than explained by Harvey.

In the world today, technology and media play a very significant role in shaping the listening strategies. Significant modalities of control, co modification, dream work and social bonding in the media are constituted of sound, noise and music. This is why technology and media are playing a significant role in shaping listening strategies. It is however important for the message to be communicated properly to the receiver and for this there are some strategies that should be adopted by the party that is interested in conveying the message. There are two terms i.e. hearing and listening and the two have a lot of difference between each other. The word hearing means that a person is just hearing what is being told to him but is not giving importance to it and has not understood the real message while listening means that the person is carefully hearing and is understanding the message (Sterne 23).

When we have to convey some message to the listener, the first and the foremost thing that should be done is to identify the real purpose of conveying the message. Similarly, even the listen has to identify the real purpose of listening to something. For instance, children carefully listen to what their parents say to them so that they understand the message correctly so that they can obey and do what their parents tell them to. Similarly, children also pay heed to what their teachers say in the class and they carefully listen to the teachers instructions in order to score good grades. This therefore proves that as everything has a purpose, even listening has some purpose. Another important thing that has to be taken care of when listening is to maintain contact with speaker as this helps the person better understand to what the speaker wants to say. The non-verbal cues are very important during a conversation as they tell even those things that the speaker himself does not want to say. Therefore, the speaker has to take care of the tone in which he is speaking, his gestures as well as his facial expressions. For instance, when the speaker is telling the listener about something important, he should emphasis it with the use of his hand or his facial expressions. Similarly, when a mother or a teacher is scolding a child, the tone in which she speaks changes and her anger reflects in the way she speaks. Even her facial expression changes and this tells the child that her mother is angry at something he or she has done. Therefore, the child always avoids repeating the same thing again in future, however if the mother will not scold the child and will tell him about his mistake in a calm manner, there are chances that the child will repeat the same mistake again as he would not give much attention to what his mother is saying. In the same way, when the media is trying to convey some message to the listeners or to the people watching the television, the hosts have to be very careful of their tone, facial expressions and their gestures and nothing should conflict with what they are speaking. When a newscaster is delivering news on the television, her voice has to be serious and firm so that the people watching the news program believe in what he or she is saying and they know that the news is correct. However, if the newscaster will joke around while podcasting news, people will end up believing in what he or she is talking about. Therefore, it is important for the person conveying the message to act accordingly.

People are fascinated with the visuals more than when they are when they have something only to listen to. During the listening process, it is essential for the speaker to emphasize more on the words and phrases that are of more value. As I already discussed the difference between hearing and listening, for the speaker to make the listeners actually listen to what he has to say, he or she must ensure that the other sounds are tuned out. Another important aspect is to relate the information that is being given to the listener to what he has already heard earlier so that it becomes easier for him to comprehend what is being told.

    In order to improve the listening skills of the people to whom the media aims to communicate its message, there are some strategies that should be developed. Learning of the language basically depends on listening that serves as an input and it enables the learners to interact during the communication process. Learning instructors, who are effective, make themselves adjust to the behavior of their students to deal in various situations and they actually help the students to develop strategies that can be applied therein. The techniques or activities that directly contribute to the listener and helps him in comprehending what is being told to him and also in recalling what he has already listened are basically what listening strategies are. These can be classified by the way in which the listener processes the input. Some of the strategies are mentioned below.

Top-down strategies
    This is listener based and the previous knowledge of the subject is tapped by the listener and the knowledge of the topic consists of the context, the type of text and the language itself. The background knowledge that is provided to the listener helps in activating his expectations and he can easily interpret the things that will follow. These strategies consist of the following.
listening for the main idea
predicting
drawing inferences
summarizing
Bottom-up strategies
    These are based on text and the listener relies basically on the language that is used in the message which consists of a bundle of words, grammar and sound. These strategies consist of the following.
listening for specific details
recognizing cognates
recognizing word-order patterns

Met cognitive strategies are used by strategic listeners for the purpose of planning, monitoring as well as to evaluate their listening. It is decided in the plan whether a strategy would be good or not after which the effectiveness of the strategies is evaluated by monitoring the process. Evaluation is done by determining the fact whether the listener has actually comprehended the message or not and whether the strategies that have been selected are effective or not. For the purpose of extracting the meaning from a listening text, there are some steps that need to be followed.

The purpose of listening should be figured out, background knowledge should be shared to anticipate the listeners.

Just the identified purpose should be given importance while the rest should be ignored. Only the specific parts should be talked about so that the important ones stay in the minds of the listeners and they can easily recognize it in the future.

Strategies such as top-down and bottom-up strategies should be selected according to their appropriateness.
It is necessary to take feedback in order to know that the listener has well understood the real message of the speaker or the person who is conveying the message.

In the world today, technology is improving every second and people are coming up with novel gadgets as well as new technology that have a great impact on the media. Technology is playing a major role in the improvement of media however as everything has some pros and cons, even technology is associated with certain types of pros and cons (The Role of Information And Communication Technologies in Global Development 19). The purpose of mass media is to reach a large number of people, this term came into existence in 1920s and became popular when radio networks and circulation of newspapers and magazines began throughout the nation. Other forms of mass media are books as well as manuscripts that have been used by people for a very long time. There are many other mass distributors of news as well as various forms of entertainment through the television, newspapers, radio and the Internet, etc. The Internet consists of  blogs, message boards and video sharing options that are available for the users and this allows people to have exposure to things that had previously been restricted for people. There are some special characteristics of mass media and they are helping people to progress in the world today.

Purpose of media
    With the emergence of technology, mass media can be used for a variety of purposes i.e. for businesses as well as for social concerns. For businesses the mass media is used merely for advertising and marketing of goods and services while for social concerns, it can be used for giving a public message. For instance to use birth control pills in order to reduce the population in a country or to give a public message to the youth to stay away from smoking as it is injurious to health. Besides this, entertainment is another big factor for  which media is being used as people like to watch music shows, sports as well as movies and so media serves this purpose as well.

Characteristics of media
Although media has various advantages for everyone, however one of the greatest cons that technology has left on media is that it may convey any kind of message that may also be something that should not be told to the children or something that must not be told to a particular group of people. There are basically two forms of media i.e. the print media and the television and these are further divided into many other forms of media such as the television, movies, radio, Internet, newspapers, books and magazines, etc. All types of media are both good and bad in the interest of the people and this is where the role of technology in media is not being productive.

In the end, I would conclude by saying that everything should be controlled to a certain extent in order to prevent it from getting misused because misuse of anything leaves behind negative points and they are not just bad for an individual but they impact the overall society as well. For instance, parents freely allow their children to use the Internet and watch the television but nowadays children are very intelligent and inquisitive about things and due to peer pressure they might do things their friends are doing such as watching pornography, etc. Therefore, some controls should be kept by the government or higher  authorities to prevent misuse of media(Luckin 43).

The portrayal of the life of modern day Native Americans in this 30 days episode entitled Life on a Reservation, to my analysis, is quite accurate. Modernization has led to the caging of these people in a reservation, a place meant to give them a chance of re-living their native culture and re-establishing their connection with the land. But the reservation, as shown in the episode, sadly became a place where most of the residents are poor due to the lack of available jobs. Spurlock himself experienced this when he tried looking for a job during his stay in the reservation. Furthermore, the sheep he brought for the family on the first day was not only appreciated by the Denisons, the host family, for its cultural implications but also because it can be considered  good food  on the table considering their socio-economic situation.

    The episode showed a partially different perspective on Native Americans in comparison to the depictions in early Western-themed films. A Native American in these films is portrayed as a savage who needs to be tamed which is not evident in this episode because it actually showed civilized people such as Spurlock s host family. But the films  depiction of a Native American who is a spiritualist or a medicine man trying to bring old traditional cures into the modern world was featured in the episode particularly when Spurlock participated in a sweat ceremony with a medicine man.  

    In terms of Indian gambling, as these people are beginning to be stereotyped as casino players who make lots of cash in these kind of establishments, I think the episode somehow defeated this perception. Basically, it was shown that Native Americans in the reservation are poor people who can hardly find decent jobs. Interestingly, how is it possible that they can play in casinos with no money to talk of

    The image that Native American-inspired mascot nicknames given to sports teams want to portray is that of fierce people and warriors. This is a fair depiction, in that, once upon a time Native Americans were like this literally. Metaphorically speaking, they can still be considered as warriors, however, this time fighting poverty, alcoholism and even the extinction of their culture. Another way of looking at these nicknames is considering Native Americans as winners just as sports teams want to be considered. In a way, this might also be true because their fight against full assimilation is half-won if not more initially with the putting up of the reservation as it is a symbol of acknowledgement or recognition of their existence and the importance of preserving their heritage. 

    The episode shows an accurate presentation of a straight man s introduction to a majority-gay world. The culture shock experienced by a conservative, former youth minister and once a member of the military as he was introduced into this world is a natural reaction especially because his values are deeply Bible-rooted wherein he was taught all his life that being gay is wrong. As the shock wore off, the initial reactions of Ryan in which he was unaccepting, confused and even disgusted at times were not exaggerations. When one s values and beliefs are put into question in a situation such as this, the natural reaction is to fight to maintain them.

    Furthermore, the reaction of the members of the majority to the guests which is one of doubt, animosity and even hatred is also a clear and fair portrayal. When you are a part of a minority group discriminated upon and hated and one of the majority s members enter your territory, you either tend to mirror the treatment or show off to the representative in order to prove that the perceptions about them are wrong. The initial questions would be - what are you doing here what is the purpose of your visit should we treat you the way you treat us My humble opinion is that, these are also normal reactions.

    In terms of providing a fair context in which to evaluate the experiment, the episode did not fully cover this primarily because of the choice of the area. The San Francisco s Castro District is notoriously known as one of the gayest areas in the country. That choice alone is limiting because gay people are not fully represented in the area because there are areas in the country where there is limited acceptance of homosexuality affecting the way of life of gay people in said areas. Needless to say, a gay person acts differently when living in an area where all of the people there are gay as opposed to living in a place where there are straight people around. Thus, Ryan have not seen the whole picture.

    The traditional stereotype of homosexuals is given a twist in this episode. Homosexuality is perceived to be wrong and a sin, thus, all religions frown upon it. The  wholesomeness  of church services or sports does not fit in with the image attributed to homosexuals but this episode shows this side of them.  Here in this episode, we see gay friendly church services which is surprising and debunks this theory.  In addition, Ryan joined a gay sports team which is something that is not in harmony with the stereotypical view of gay people wherein they have always been attributed to deviant or criminal behavior and that they are rarely thought of engaging in a wholesome preoccupation such as sports. 

    Majority of movies portray gay characters as loud, colorful, flamboyant or dangerous. Media blames them for the rapid increase of AIDS and other sexually-transmitted diseases. Basically, homosexuals hold a negative image and somehow this episode  cleans  this image leading to the conclusion that homosexuals can indeed live a decent, if not wholesome,  life. Even Ryan s beliefs regarding this were affected as he was quoted saying in the end,  I guess the thing that I learned about myself was I really was falling into the stereotypes. I really was being more close-minded than I thought I was being, and I was making uninformed opinions about something I didnt know about. You know, you have to go and learn for yourself.

Many believe that watching television will lead to our eminent doom, while others argue that it is the element that brings sanity in a world of disorder and chaos. Television has brought changes into the lives it has touched, the impact of which cannot be quantified as either negative or positive. This in essence is the message beneath Charles Kennys article, Revolution in a Box. He refers to the change brought by television, and how its powers can be harnessed in a beneficial way.
Charles Kenny provides arguments in favor of how television has changed our lives. Television access will be in the grasp of 1 in 3 individuals by 2015, and it will be a bigger force than ever. India and Brail have proved that television can be the source of social change as well as providing a source of entertainment. He favors the television revolution as if its the catalyst for everything happening. He provides arguments how television shows that do not even make sense can also be used for the betterment of mankind.
He also mentions how the media can be bribed monopolized by governments. In this particular case he mentions the efforts of one such Peruvian government. He also gives a very good idea that how cultural imperialism can be imposed on the innocent minds of people, deeply effecting how they think. The CNN, Al Jazeera coverage of Iraq war was given as an example. CNN and BBC showed the world one side of picture, while Al Jazeera showed the other side of the picture. Well yes we will have a broader view of the whole story, but how many people had Al Jazeera back then
It should be questioned that what effects media globalization will bring on cultures of the world. The east is leaving its cultural norms and making its way towards the west. We see cowboys all over the world, is it just cowboys were everywhere in the world before or just the early signs of cultural homogenization.
In the not so distant future there will be a world where cultural differentiation will be difficult, and we will set our eyes on men of different races, but with a very similar nature. Though a healthy sign for world peace, but its cultural differentiation that makes us who we are, isnt it
Kenny argues that the role of television will increase as the access to television increases but we have to be aware of the ill effects that it may bring with itself. There has to be regulatory authorities and watchdogs to look into the proceedings, not only on national level but also on the international level. I would like to quote from Spiderman comics as I end this discussion.
With great powers comes great responsibility.

In her book, she mathematically explains how the drug companies lie by giving figures that does not exist so that they can cater for the costs of their advertising. They claim that it is very expensive to produce drugs so that they can account for their high prices. She opens our eyes by telling us that this is not the case as most of the research and development is done by the university and college students which are funded by the government. (Angell, 2005)
She says that in the market, there are slightly modified products which happen to have the same composition. Customers are therefore spending a lot of money on practically the same drug but different names. She says that because some of the drugs are easy and cheaper to manufacture, the market is filled with different types of drugs for high cholesterol and depression while it lacks some of the potential life saving drugs for diseases that are seriously affecting the third world countries. She also tells us of the high priced junkets that are offered to doctors. These are offered as educational opportunities and they are more than just bribes. These doctors are exploited by these companies into helping them come up with new brands of drugs. (Angell, 2005)
I find this book important as it gives us the reasons as to why we find most of the prescription drugs that are practically the same. Now I understand the reason as to why it takes very long to recover after taking some of these drugs. The reason is that even though one may be changing the drugs, there are chances that he or she is only changing the brand but the content is the same. The author has clearly given the reason as to why there only those drugs that cure only minor ailments while those other serious drugs are not found there. (Angell, 2005)
I find the fact that most of the drugs are expensive because lof of cost was incurred in the advertising very interesting. The reason is that I think that drugs need not to be advertised so that people can buy them. The main reason as to why we buy drugs is due to our sickness. Therefore I find it very interesting that these companies spend a lot of time and resources trying to persuade us to buy their drugs while we will only buy them when we are sick. This is not a reason enough to increase the prices of the drugs. In addition, it had never crossed my mind that the there are so many adverts concerning drugs and that they are all due to competition.
However, this is a very serious exposure and therefore it can be argued that the remedies that the author is giving might be referred to as abstract and timid. The proposal that she makes are not in a position to stop physician from accepting gifts, payments or even meals from the drug companies. Human health is a core factor to existence of mankind and therefore it should be taken with the seriousness that it deserves. I therefore feel that the author has taken this topic too lightly and that she should have provided more stunning recommendations which cater for all the loopholes that exists in this field.
These issues are directly related to the state of healthcare institutions especially in third world countries where they are filled with corruption and embezzlement. In these countries, we find that some of the doctors are not ethical. They work in government hospital and at the same time they have their own private hospital. This means that sometimes, they will take the drugs from the government hospitals and sell them in their private hospitals. In these countries, there are no laws that protect the public from these exploitations. This is a similar case as the one that is discussed by the author.
Apart from these third world countries being rampant with deadly diseases, the healthcare systems are not good at all. For instance, there has been increasing case of human trafficking that is taking place in the world today. Most of the trafficked organs are coming from these third world countries. I understand that in some countries, organs such as kidney are stolen where people are kidnapped, one kidney is removed and then the person is set free. These activities are conducted by professional doctors in legal hospitals. This is a clear indication of how desperately reforms are needed in these institutions. Doctors are turning unethical, embezzling community resources and at the same time using the hospital resources to conduct their criminal activities. These are the same issues discussed by the author in the book.

Monica Lewinsky came to the white house as an unpaid intern working in the Chief of Staffs office in June 1995 when she was just a twenty one years old. Their relationship with the then president Bill Clinton began in November 1995 as unveiled through the recordings in the tapes provided later by her former friend, Linda Tripp. Later that year, Lewinsky was given the job as a secretary in the Legislative Affairs Office meaning that he usually handled and ferried the letters of congress to and from the oval office. Lewinsky was later transferred as one of the assistants to Ken Bacon who was the Pentagon spokesman. The reason that the chief of staff gave for the transfer was that Lewinsky had an inappropriate and immature behavior and did not concentrate in her work. In 1996, she informed a workmate, Linda Tripp that she had a relationship with President Clinton (CNN 1998).
The ClintonLewinsky scandal however exploded when Linda Tripp met Kathleen Willey as she was coming from the oval house with her face red and her lipstick off. There was an allegation from Willey that Clinton had groped her, an allegation that Clintons lawyer denied. This prompted the Linda Tripp to start taping Lewinskys details about her affair with Clinton. Later, Tripp met with the Newsweeks staff and made them listen to the tape. Later in 2007, Lewinsky left Pentagon with one of the Clintons personal secretary, Betty Currie, approached Vernon Jordan, who was the presidential pal, requesting him to find work in New York. Paula Jones lawyers sued Clinton in 17th December on charges of sexual harassment and subpoenaed Lewinsky (CNN, 1998).
Paula Corbin Jones who used to work as a state worker had claimed that Clinton had harassed her sexually when he was still the Arkansas governor in 1991. Jones lawyers wanted to show that Clinton had done such acts before and thus interviewed different women who were believed to have had a link with the president (The Columbia Encyclopedia 2008). Clinton was questioned on 17th January 1998, making the record as the first sitting US president to give testimony as a defendant. Clinton was quick to deny to have ever had a relationship with Monica Lewinsky between1995 and 1996. Lewinsky had already denied before the testimony of ever having an affair with the president. The independent counsel during the whitewater case, Kenneth Star, had already been given tape recordings from Linda Tripp. The counsel described that there seemed to be a pattern of deception and thus obtained permission to probe this case (The Columbia Encyclopedia, 2008).
President Clinton went ahead and publicly denied of having a relationship with Lewinsky and also denied the covering it up charges. Even his personal advisor, Vernon Jordan refuted the claim that he had advised Monica to lie in the case involving Jones and that Jordan had ever organized for her job in New York. The wife of the president, Hillary Clinton claimed that there was a vast right wing conspiracy to bring his husband down politically. The republicans came out strongly describing Clinton as a liar and immoral. Many other people including Jordan testified and the Lawyers for Jones presented some papers indicating that Clinton had earlier admitted having a sexual affair with Gennifer Flowers a fact he had denied. Susan Webber Wright, an Arkansas federal judge dismissed this case stating that Jones had been subjected to boorish behavior and not sexual harassment as she had claimed (The Columbia Encyclopedia, 2008).
The confession
On 18th August 1998, Bill Clinton confessed in a televised address that he indeed had a relationship with Lewinsky described it as not appropriate. The president remained defiant stating that this matter had now become a private family issue and nobodys business but ours(BBC 1998). Before this, several lawyers who were led by Kenneth Starr had questioned the president for more than five hours in a session that took place at White house with the grand jury watching via video connection. In the address that lasted four minutes, Clinton described his relationship with Lewinsky as not appropriate and that constituted a critical lapse in judgment and a personal failure on my part, for which I am solely and completely responsible (BBC 1998). This was in fact the first time that Clinton was confessing of having had a relationship with Lewinsky. It is interesting to note that he had previously all along denied both under oath and on television (BBC 1998).
Clinton use of the Face negotiation theory
Before and during the four minute speech that Bill Clinton gave and that ended his Sexual harassment case, it clear that he utilized the face negotiation theory.
Face negotiation theory
Face negotiation theory was hypothesized by Stella Ting Toomey with the aim of explaining how diverse cultures communicate and manage conflicts. Since then, this theory has undergone several iterations being lately updated in 2005. This theory generally explains that conflict is as a result of identity management on both cultural and individual level. The different facets of cultural and individual identities are referred to as faces. Faces can be described as the public image that a group or an individual has as seen by the society (Cupach  Metts, 1994). The society base the public image on cultural values and norms. A conflict occurs when the face of an individual or a group is threatened. In collective cultures what matters most is the face of a group and not that of an individual. On the other hand, individualistic cultures see an individuals cultures to be significant of the group. The major assumption is that how people manage conflicts and communicates is determined by the culture (Cupach  Metts, 1994).
Other assumption of this theory is that behavior is influenced by relational, situation and individual factors as well as cultural variances.  Also face will become problematic if whenever there is questioning of the identities. According to this theory competence in communication that is intercultural is as a result of mindfulness and knowledge (Cupach  Metts, 1994).
How face negotiation theory applies to Bill Clinton
Bill was in real conflict and had to find ways of solving it and at the same time save his public images as the president of a global super power. The crisis that was legal, political, cultural and constitution started in January 1998 and came to a halt in December (Richard, 2009). The real struggle began when it was reveled that a private investigator named Kenneth Starr had launched investigations against President Clinton. The charges were that Clinton had lied in addition to other crimes with the aim of obstructing justice so as to hide a sexual relationship between him and Monica Lewinsky. This investigation ended with the impeachment of the president in the House of Representatives for testifying falsely. This was the second impeachment to have been successful in US after that of Andrew Johnson more than one hundred years before. The impeachment vote was 228 against 206 in the House of representative (Richard, 2009).
Clinton after impeachment
Despite the fact that the case had lasted for about a month, it is only during one day that the defense and prosecution produced the pertinent clips of videotaped evidence from Sidney Blumenthal, Vernon Jordan and Monica Lewinsky all who had been authorized by the senate to be called. The real problem here was that this trial was used in context of impeachment in reference to the all the Muhammad Al-Durrah was a Palestinian boy killed in the crossfire between the Israeli and Palestinian armies on September 30, 2000.  The events leading to his death were captured on tape by a French 2 cameraman and later broadcast over multiple media channels. The images of the Palestinian boy huddling beside his father, as both crouched to avoid being hit by bullets and eventually dying from what was presumed to be Israeli bullets, left nothing to the imagination of the viewer (Campbell 64).  The cameraman working for the French television network captured Al-Durrah and his father squeezing behind a water barrel for protection, the father reaching out to protect his son, and finally bullets hit both the father and the son. The final scene showed the dead al-Durrah lying across the lap of his unconscious father.
Although the al-Durrah incident left many questions unanswered, the effects of the television images were, according to the ABC news anchors words, Going to haunt everyone (Norris et al 59). Beyond the images however, an observer would be justified to question the ethics behind capturing the incident on tape and airing the same on international media.  As such, did the images help resolve the conflict in the Middle East, or did they contribute to more animosity between the Israelis and the Palestinians therefore leading to more loss of lives
This paper will look at some of the questions arising about the journalistic ethics involved in this incident.
Conflicting parties and the media feed on each other. While warring parties as is the case with Palestine and Israel need the media to amplify their messages, the media need such conflicts to personify the evils facing the society (Norris et al 59).   The Muhammad Al-Durrah case was not only a conflict story, but more interesting because it involved the brutal killing of an innocent child.  The Al-Durrah image thus became the personification of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict.
The Israeli side used the Al-Durrah image as the representation of human suffering under the Israeli army in the international circles. The Israelis however, on the other side, although initially apologetic about the incident, later declared that there was a reasonable probability that Al-Durrah was killed by Palestinian bullets (Lasson 16). It was not proven, whether this was true or not. However, questions about how the boy and the father ended up in the Israeli-Palestinian crossfire and how the photographer was so well situated to capture everything on tape still remain unanswered.
It is however the wisdom of broadcasting the chilling and brutal killing of the boy that raises many questions. Although many people agree that it was important to inform the world on the level of atrocities going on in the Middle East conflict, it is questionable whether the airing of the same has served to worsen the situation or improve the same. Just days after the Al-Durrah killing, two Israeli reservists were seized from a Palestinian roadblock and executed by a Palestinian mob in broad daylight. Once again, the incident was captured on tape (by an Italian TV network) and broadcast worldwide through an international feed (Lasson 16). At this point, the journalist union in Palestine issued a warning against international media for reckless reporting.
Reporting deaths is one of the ethical dilemmas that face journalist on a daily basis during their work (Richards 135).  They have to balance between satisfying the general public right to know and the risk of intruding into personal privacy of the concerned people. In Al-Durrahs case, it was more a case of informing the public about atrocities in the Middle East, at the risk of fueling more animosity between the warring parties.
Defenders of the tell it as it is concept in journalism would argue that the broadcasting of the Al-Durrah case was the true image of uncompromising journalism, whereby, the viewer or reader is shown everything and the verdict of who to blame left to them. By doing this, the journalist and the broadcasting or publishing media houses left the impact of the entire horrifying effect that hit the audience. However, to those criticizing the action, the question was what was the ultimate cost to the Israeli-Palestinian conflict
In the Al-Durrah case, one can conclusively state that the losses were evident hours later, when the Palestinians killed the two Israeli reservists. Further, it was documented that between the time of the Al-Durrah killing and 2003 2,200 people died in the conflict (700 Israelis and 1,500 Palestinians).
Besides, there were sentiments that the killing of the Al-Durrah was staged by the Palestinian side in order to attract sympathy from the international community. A French lawyer in 2007 accused the France 2 channel and its correspondent Charles Enderlin of staging the killing (Patience).  This led to the court asking the news channel to release the unedited video footage of the al-Durrah shooting.  If indeed the shooting was staged (and I use if  because the truth may never be known), it can only serve to effect negatively the particular journalist and to some extent his media house. The effects of the footage can, however, not be redeemed because many people (both in Palestine and the international community) would not accept the staging of the shooting as true.
In most countries media are protected by constitutions through clauses concerning freedom of the media, thus meaning that they are protected against reproach from the society regarding the things they publish. However, journalists are not beyond reproach as the freedom given to them does not automatically mean that they are immune to criticism. In most countries, journalists abide to specific journalism ethics, which helps them avoid defamation, libel or copyright related suits.
Supposing that the incident was indeed staged, then the journalist as well as the news channel he was working for would have been liable to breach of journalism ethics. Any staged events in journalism have the capacity to make the audience lose trust for its audience (Sanders 103). 
The Al-Durrah case seems to have escaped the trust issue mostly because of its emotive nature. However, this did not prevent a French watch dog named Philippe Karsently from questioning the authenticity of the shooting tapes. Karsentlty called upon the directors of France 2 networks director and the news correspondent who reported the story for promulgating a hoax.  The two however sued Karsently for defamation and in October 2006, the court ruled in their favor (Glick).
It is noted that within minutes after receiving the Al-Durrah tape, the France 2 network gave away the tape for free to other media networks for immediate broadcasting. This raises the question about just how objective the news channel was concerning the incident.  According to Lasson, much as the media educates, informs and entertains its audience, the profit motive is always first in their priorities (Lasson 9). In other cases where news channels have an exclusive story, they charge other channels to have the footage.   This raises another question, was the France 2 news channel objective or neutral towards the shooting incidence Further, why is it the France 2 correspondent that captured that particular incident on tape, despite there being hundreds of news channels represented in the conflict area on that day (Fallows 8)
Conclusion
The Muhammad Al-Durah case is shrouded in mystery. However, judging from the reaction from the general response in the international media, it is evident that the correspondent and the news channel that distributed the tape to other media houses breached journalism ethics by failing to look at the greater effect that the footage would have on the already intense Israeli-Palestinian conflict.
According to Fallows, the tape was most popular amongst Arabic countries, which are sympathetic towards the Palestinian cause (Fallows 8). Whether staged or not, every time the Al-Durrah killing was aired stirred raw and resentful emotions against the Israeli army. This means that any possibilities of achieving peace in the Middle East were pushed even further.
As the conveyers of information to the general public, it is evident that the journalists have more responsibilities in their hands to protect further worsening in a conflict situation. Although this does not mean that they should deny the public their right to know what is happening on the ground, it means that the report should only be aired if  its accurate, objective and most of all, not damaging to the greater peace in any specific region.

Senate proceedings that embraced evidentiary hearing and pretrial proceedings (Richard, 2009).
In his magazine article, Neuhaus (1999) claims that Clinton case was just a representation of the Americans character. This is the reason they were ready to retain him despite the crimes that he had committed, after all they did not see anything peculiar with their president. The conservatives claimed that Clintons case was important as it revealed unpleasant facts pertaining to the people that are in America. Liberals were however quick to defend the president and opposed both his conviction and impeachment (Neuhaus, 1999).
Clinton had lied despite the fact that there were enough evidence to show that he had sexual affairs with both Paula Jones and Monica Lewinsky. He even tried to twist the witnesses to lie. However, it is still not clear how the public could continue approving his job despite the falsehoods and adulterous infidelities. However, it is clear that Clinton knew how to handle the media so as to minimize the negative impact. As the charges continued, Clinton reached a point whereby he refused on several occasions to discuss the charges specifics. This was dangerous as it could have destroyed what his media advisers had accomplished in preserving and protecting his presidency (Rogers, 2009). There are those who have claimed that the reason why Clinton case was not a great shock to the American public was because the commentators and even comedians had already portrayed him as a womanizer (Rogers, 2009).
There are several tactics that Clinton used to maintain his public image and to prevent the media from portraying him negatively before the American public. He was initially not appearing before the media and he was always prepared in a way to ensure that his public image was boosted (Carlin 1998). In his State of Union address, which was televised live by all major television networks, Clinton utilized the opportunity to redefine his agenda. He stated how he had managed to improve the economy of the country and this made many to forget the sex scandal. One of the most important strategies that Bill Clinton used was to admit that in deed he had affairs with Monica Lewinsky. This is what brought to the end the trial. The more he lied, the more his public rating approval would have gone down especially as there was adequate evidence. The first person to admit this was Mike, McCurry, Clintons spokesman stating that the affair could have been innocent, simple but probably complicated (Carlin 1998).
When Clinton finally admitted his affair with Lewinsky and that he had lied even under oath, he had the understanding that his public and private lives were vital to his public performance. This speech has however regarded by some as a justificatory one. That is why he admitted that the case was between, him, his family and God. He also stated that his case was a private matter and had only distracted the nation from more important things (Gronbeck 1998).
In his address, Clinton was ready to show the public that he was after all human and he could also make mistakes. This was important as it elicited sympathy, understanding and compassion from the public as they harshly judged Kenneth Starr and Linda Tripp (Rogers, 2009).
Approval rating after the case
On August 17th 1998, CNN reported that fifty three percent of the Americans who had been interviewed were satisfied with the explanation that had been made by Bill Clinton pertaining to his relationship with Monica Lewinsky. This was a according to research that was conducted by three companies CNNGallup Poll and USA Today. This survey was conducted immediately after Clinton made the four minute speech. However the poll had shown that there was a twenty-point percentage drop in the number of people who favored Bill Clinton (CNN 1998). In a similar poll that had been conducted in August that year, sixty percent of citizens interviewed had a favorable opinion on Clinton and thirty percent disapproving his job. It is only forty eight percent of the Americans interviewed who had a negative opinion of the president. Sixty percent of the Americans were of the opinion that the affair between Lewinsky and the president was merely a private affair and not of the public nature. Two thirds of those interviewed admitted to have watched Clintons speech. When asked whether the president should have resigned for the act only twenty three percent of the respondents agreed. The majority however agreed that he never spoke the entire truth but those who stated that they had lost their confidence with Clinton were only 33 (CNN 1998).
It is perhaps ironic to realize that Clintons approval rating was still high during and after the impeachment. Some indicated that the reason this was so was because the public was ready to support him for the economic growth and key political events (Newman, 2002). But most interesting is to realize that the public rating of the presidents job was higher during the trial than before and after the trial (BBC News 1998).
Conclusion
    From the trials of Bill Clinton, it is clear that the face negotiation theory was applicable. Clinton, the family and the majority of the Americans supported the president, not because he was right but because they were ready to protect his public image. This is what led to the president lying and trying to obstruct justice. It is also vivid that culture influenced how people judged the president as such an act is common in America.